Large Scale Software Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Large ordered series Software Development - Essay ExampleThe ensuing violence has led to the destruction of thousands of homes and farms and has forced more or less 170,000 people to settle in the makeshift camps (IRIN, 2008). The political situation in this province is certainly quicksilver(a) and has attracted the attention and concern of the International Community.The biggest victim of this ethnic violence has been the education system in the severance Valley province. The schools are sans each qualified teachers owing to the large scale migration of the teachers hailing from the ethnic communities to the safer surface areas (KEPNW, 2008). Most of the students defecate been uprooted from the areas where their schools are located. Those who are left behind are too scared to attend the local schools forth of the fear of violence and bloodshed. Hence a large scale displacement of the teachers and the students and the prevailing levels of insecurity in the region call for an urgent customization of the education system so as to meet the special necessitate of the students staying in the camps. The Kenyan Ministry of Education is collaborating with the NGOs and the world organizations like UNICEF and Red Cross, to chalk out a response and recovery image to revive the primary and secondary education system in the region (KEPNW, 2008).The scarcity of the qualified teachers and the wavering of the students to go to schools has manifold enhanced the relevance of estimator aided instruction in the given scenario. Customized computer software rat not only provide the students staying in the camps with an easy access to education, but can take care of all the important aspects of secondary education like, classification of students, preparation of time-table, allocation of acquirement resources, maintenance of progress reports, ensuring direct interaction, providing immediate feedback, developing problem solving and creative assignments, supplementing lab oratory and hardheaded work, revision, evaluation and guidance. Since ensuring an unhampered access to internet could prove to be a problem in the region under consideration, so it is imperative that the software used for educational purposes in the area offers ample carry over layouts, users and bandwidth (WiredRed.com, 2008). Besides, the software to be used for educational purposes in the Rift Valley ordain put one over to be something much more then any ordinary video or web conferencing software. It will have to be amply self contained and aught to be loaded with relevant self training modules that must include the set of activities intended to facilitate the students achievement of a specific objective.Such self teaching modules will have to be essentially self teaching and must be oriented to individuals work alone or in small groups. These modules will have to be such as to figure easy usage by the students even in the absence of a teacher or any information giver. T he software under consideration must also extend varying alternatives to the students in foothold of language, mental ability and availability of resources and must aim at

Communication Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication ledger - Essay ExampleProf. Linley I am concerned ab go forth their progress. It is non easily for these students to reach this call in aim of education so conveniently. The curriculum is quite challenging. Prof. Macaulay I recollect it is going to take time. Let them seek the syllabus. The textbooks curb been selected according to their standard. What we need are excellent teachers. And by that I mean, no compromise of quality. Prof. Linley How interpose only a few parents absorb turn upn up for the admissions? Prof. Macaulay I guess they are reluctant to show up at a totally new institute. Some people have really graduate(prenominal) expectations from us. We need to give back their kids more than they expect from us. Prof. Linley turned to his table to get a bunch of written document he was working on. He brought them to Prof. Macaulay and continued to think aloud on the planning. Prof. Linley Do you think noble school students will be able to handle the research methods course that we are trying to assign in the first session? Prof. Macaulay Why not? Even if they dont, allows yet hope that they will. Why worry before meeting them. Maybe youll get the brighter ones Prof. Linley Arent you scared? Prof. Macaulay Whats the point? That wont change the reality would it? This institute needs people who can take risks. I am ready to face the challenge. Prof. Linley Do you mean to say that I am not the right person for the institute at the moment? Prof. Macaulay I just mean that you should take it easy on yourself. Just give it a try. When we open next week we will face the problems together and try to come up with a better solution. Prof. Linley I have also prepared a standard test for them to clear at the start of the session. I thought that this way we will complete where each individual stands. The classroom strength is reasonable at the moment. We have approximately fifteen in each class which means a total of 200 in the first bat ch. Ten sections wont be difficult to handle as long as we have good instructors. Prof. Macaulay I have requested Prof. Samuel and Prof. Kingston to join our team as visiting faculty. They said they will let me know by the end of this week. If we have them join us, we can plan to arrange for remedial sessions for students who have learning disabilities. Prof. Linley Hmmm not a bad idea. One of my colleagues is a psychologist. Ill ask her if she can give us advice on handling such cases. Both stand up to retire for bed. Professor Macaulay contumacious to leave for London from there next morning to have a meeting with another accomplice regarding the new setup. Topic 2 Exercising and Communication Paul and Simon at the Gym Paul was apprehensive to lose his job and was rigorously working out to forget what had happened between him and his boss. He could not believe he was fired. Simon was by his side hopelessly trying to comfort him. But it was no use. It seemed that he would have a nervous breakdown. Simon asked Paul if he wanted to go on vacation somewhere out of town. His suggestion was crushed by the sound of the weight lifting. Paul already had a suicidal reputation which only Simon knew how to resolve. But Simon often thought what Paul would do without him. He had been asking Paul to peg down and get married to Diana whom he loved. Paul was also very nervous about his relationships with girls. His interval with a very dear friend five years ago was heart-wrenching for him. Paul wouldnt give out a word to Simon about this incident until Simon choked it out of him. Simon was extremely

Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

orbiculate Economy - Essay ExampleHowever, based on the recent occurrence of the global recession in 2007-08, Bretton Wood organisations were rendered helpless for managing the monetary turbulence and also stabilise its primary nations such as the US and European countries (Krishnamurthy and Vissing-Jorgensen, 2008). The three primary Bretton Wood organisations are International Monetary Fund, area Trade Organisations and the World Bank (Hall et al. 2011). However, the influence of these organisations on the sparingal and financial transactions of national systems has often been criticised. This essay pass on mainly analyse these criticisms and also try to evaluate the need for the Bretton Wood system and organisation in the contemporary scenario.Hunt (2008) noticed that criticisms for the Bretton Wood organisations have been continuously focused on the approaches and regulations imposed on the underlying firms, institutions and countries. Obstfeld and Rogoff (2009) specified tha t the criticisms made for the Bretton Wood organisations can be mainly segmented into social and economic perspectives. Considering the economic or financial activities of the World Bank or IMF, often it has been noticed that majuscule Consensus plays a big role in the description and design of loan conditions made by the Bretton Wood organisations. The Washington Consensus mainly focuses on the liberalisation of the national trading system of the nations and preventing the privatisation of the government segments. Krishnamurthy and Vissing-Jorgensen (2008) considered the utilisation of Washington Consensus as a barrier for the development of the global corporate industry. James (2012) reflected that as privatisation is increasing in the trading and trade sector, the rules of the Bretton Wood institutions can prevent or slow down the growth of the global trade and commerce practices. Relating this statement with the concept of globalisation, it has to be considered that the polic ies of the Washington Consensus does not

Management and Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management and Research - Essay Example3. Innovation in affair is a route that represents a high peril for any business endeavor. A higher risk implies the possibility of failure is more likely than normal. Many times the technical concept is solid, but non economically viable. Anformer(a) deterrent is when a firm runs out of funds to continue developing a concept or the market does not accept a new product despite its technological superiority.1. An separate can achieve an internal state of mind that allows for creativity since the person controls all dimensions to cut the idea and convert into innovation that creates income or contributes a valuable service to society. Universities use innovation as a general guideline to foster R&D. Companies focus on innovation to create value. political organizations use innovation to spark economic activity. Non-profit organizations value innovation since it opens new doors that lead to solutions to solve social, environmental, and other community concerns. 4. The relationship mingled with company creativity as a function of the creativity of the individual associated with the firm is a hypothesis that a mathematical model could test to determine the correlation between the independent and dependent variable. In a business model with multiple variables such as structures, routines, incentives, etcetera a multivariable regression model can accomplish the desired objective. A company that uses employee creativity to as part of its operating activities is IBM with its wide array of personalized high tech business solutions.5. Collaborative look agreements allow for technological transfers among participants in the look into alliance. Different geographical points across earth have trusted characteristics that are unique to the region and may be of interest for foreign investigators, thus collaborative research agreements are imperative to foster

History of Science - review a chapter of Peter Bowler and Iwan Morus's Essay

History of Science - re cypher a chapter of Peter Bowler and Iwan Moruss textbook make Modern Science (Chapter on Science and - Essay ExampleIn fact, however, scientists and historians have argued for many centuries somewhatwhat the differences between the two, suggesting that pure cognizance is hierarchically different from its applications in the world of work. The chapter explains how some thinkers place science above technology, and others place science below technology, in importance. The authors finally come to the conclusion that the best steering to think about these two things is to observe examples and conclude that little practical distinction is made between the two. (p. 401) The authors start with recent times and argue that the just about common view in the twentieth carbon was that science was more pure, and more important because it dealt with ideas and truths. Technology was considered a lesser area of study because it was bear on with merely things. It could be said that this is an idealist position, because it is theoretical, and imaginary, rather than concrete and applied. An interesting aspect of the authors approach is that it as well brings in cultural and political factors. Scientists often go to things through a narrow lens, in wrong of outcomes and theories, as if these things are absolute, but this chapter shows that ideas like Marxism influenced science. This ideology strongly favors a materialistic view of things, and stresses the multipurposeness of ideas in the real world. For scientists in Soviet Russia, then, technology was seen as more important. Scientists in the capitalist western countries, on the other hand, continued with old ideas from the Enlightenment, which favored the theoretical over the practical. Another useful comparison is drawn (pp. 396-397) between French and English government approaches to the keep of science in the ordinal century. In France the government wanted to promote science for its we alth-bringing potential, and funded research very generously, objet dart in Britain in that location was a more relaxed attitude which left research to be more of a gentlemans hobby which was funded by private money. Looking at the world of science today it is interesting to see that these same old debates are still very relevant, because scientists al trends have to seek various sources of funding for their work. The American contribution to this debate was to emphasize the importance of inventors like Morse and Edison, who used their craft skills and countersign to improve existing designs and create completely new ones. These men referred to traditional scientists, also, when they needed to solve some problems, which goes to show that theory and practice need to work together if progress is to be made. The chapter contains a number of headings, some of which are indicators of a particular example such as steam culture while others are more fancy such as the chicken and the egg and invisible technicians. These fancy headings do not help the reader to work out what the next topic is going to be. Unlike most historical textbooks, this one does not present the facts in chronological order, since it jumps back and forward through the ages, pursuit the arguments for and against the supremacy of science or technology. This can be confusing, since at first it is not clear which way the authors wish the reader to follow. This is a weakness in the chapter, because a lot of the time the reader feels lost, and inquire what the point is that the authors want to make. After

A MULTICULTURAL VIRTUAL TEAM (slp) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A MULTICULTURAL VIRTUAL TEAM (slp) - move ExampleThe different squads also bring different thoughts to the table. People from US are graduated from mend colleges which impart better education, so that the ideas that they put forth are more workable and easy to follow. These age multi-cultural virtual teams are even more important as they save the cost of travelling and at the same time provide a means of increased globalization and enhanced thoughts. Working of the team according to the Tuckmans Teamwork Model This report describes a multicultural virtual team that was formed for a business company based on selling market products related to cosmetics. The few things that were required of the team were 1. to keep a market survey of the number of customers 2. to keep a market survey of the use up of the cosmetics 3. promoting the products The team took the survey and found out that score was highest in the norming section of the questionnaire. And the two highest scores were perf orming and norming so the team was clearly in the performing stage altogether. The team first took together members from every(prenominal) over the world including places like Japan, USA, KSA, UK, Canada, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The purpose of including all these teams went from very much business-like country and highly genuine countries to third world countries.

Case study 2 negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

berth study 2 negotiation - Essay ExampleIn this case, the supervisor is fast to dismiss Danyas application. According to Dwyer (2011), Power is a useful tool in the negotiation process however, if you misuse it or refuse to use it appropriately, the likely result is tension and conflict (p. 154). The tension between the supervisor and Tanya came just ab unwrap as the supervisor used the power that he had over her to dismiss her application, and made comments that were not engaging at all. If the supervisor had listened to Danyas positions and interests, he would have approached her in a calm manner that would not have threatened the relationship between them. This case study looks into the cause of the problem and how it impacted on the main participants. It also suggests and evaluates some solutions, recommends the best solution and explains how to implement it by using the negotiation possibility . Analysis of the problem The problem suffer be analyzed by examining the negotia tion approaches of Danya and her supervisor. The problem occurs because twain parties have interests to meet and the two are not keen to consider the other partys point view. Danyas interest are visiting her grandchild and wants to do so by taking good of the charge promotion so as to pay less for the flight. Danyas optimism of getting the leave and an supplement of two weeks leave get thwarted and she gets devastated because of the rejection. The supervisor on the other hand has a start that has a limited deadline and needs Danyas support because she happens to be one of the best worker. The problem ensued as the two parties could not agree on what should happen. The supervisor is stern on his decision and rejects her application without with child(p) Danya a chance of explaining herself as to why she needed to have her break at that time. Furthermore, he acts out of the stress of the contract and seizes the stress to overcome his thoughts and emotions and is quick to make n egative comments about Danya. According to Leimbach (2011), gainful attention to interests helps uncover the why behind a position. (p. 36). If Danya had listened to why the supervisor was not willing to commit her the leave, she would have understood him and there would not have been any problem. Danya also assumes that her being the best of the employees would decidedly make the supervisor grant her, her wants. She was not ready for any outcome and was not flexible to allow herself take in any outcome of the application. She is quick to judge the supervisors actions and believes the company does not recognize her excellent performance, which makes her to burst out. She is also frustrated that she will lose the money of the ticket shed already paid for. She feels disappointed when her request is turned down by the supervisor who tells her that she is not video display any commitment to the company. According to Jenkins (1997), with a principled negotiation approach, the salespe rson focuses on the problem and how to make for it (p. 30). In this case, instead of getting frustrated by the way the supervisor acted, she ought to have thought of how the error of the supervisor thinking she has no commitment to the company would get settled. Range of solution The problem can be solved by number of ways. First of all, the supervisor should give Danya an offer of paying for her flight if she cooperates with them to meet the deadline. The other solution would be that Danya gets a

Nissan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nissan - Essay ExampleThese cars were developed first in the late 1960s and have go on to be modified to adapt to the changing the changing trends to date. On the opposite hand, there is the Nissan Patrol is a suburban utility vehicle (SUV) that was developed around 1951 to compete with car brands such as Toyotas Land Cruiser. This car has been advanced over the generations and currently it is in its sixth generation, which began in 2010. The Patrol occurs has a four-wheel causal agent and is available in either short-wheelbase with three doors or long-wheelbase with five door chassis. both(prenominal) cars come in a variety of models that have continued to attract customers due to the continued emergence.The development of Nissan Skyline GT-R brand has a long history that is linked to the previous products developed by Nissan. Prince motorcar Company was the first company to use the word Skyline- they developed sedan cars that fell on a line of Skyline products. However, afte r the merger with Nissan-Datsun, it adopted the Skyline serial of cars. Skyline cars were developed with rear wheel drive, an aspect that continued to the 1990s when other manufacturers started focusing on shifting the drive to the front wheels. The adoption of the GT-R cars for racing purposes made them to have direct market while at other instances some of the versions such as the KPGC110 2000 GT-R made very little sales, a situation that was attributed to a looming zip crisis at the time. Just before the development of Nissan Skyline GT-R, there was the S54 2000 GT-B that was a powerful racecar at the time. The GT-R series saw the development of PGC10 2000 GT-R, which made very impressive wins over a period of almost devil years. There were a number of racing victories that were associated with this particular car from 1964 to the time it was discontinued in 1972. The Nissan Motorsport (Nismo) has been on the forefront of developing this car to

How should organisation manage psychological contracts during PR Essay

How should organisation manage psychological contracts during PR Scandals - Essay ExampleThismakesitessentialfor an organization to manage mental contract before theyare affected by publicrelationscandals. Therefore, managingpsychologicalcontract is important during publicscandals like fundembezzlement, falseaccusations of theftorsexualabuse within theorganization (Conway, 2005).In theprocess of managingpsychologicalcontract, an organization should performsomeactions. First, theorganization should be fair to allemployees and customers in terms of promotion, work allocation, payments, forexample, salaryandallowancesand deliverance of goods and services.Employeesalsoexpect to be consulted in making organizational decisions since theyfeelmoreimportant to theorganization. In case of a publicrelationscandal like misconduct of an employee, theorganization should be fair in judging theemployee. Forinstance, theemployee can be suspendedforsometimerather than beingsacked.An example of a real life situation is a case whereby during the presidential debate, KitchenAid tweeted to it fans Obamas gma even knew it was exhalation 2 b bad She died 3days b4 he became president. The tweet was immediately deleted, and an apology was affix. The apology was posted on behalf of the employee who had tweeted(Male, 2009).Secondly, in case of a publicrelationscandal like an accusation, theorganization should maintaineffectivecommunication with theaffectedparties. Communication within theorganization should flowwell. Everymanager, employee or customer,should getthecorrectinformation within therighttimeschedule. Theemployer should alsoenhanceface to facecommunicationbecausethisgivestheemployee a chance of expression (CPID, 2010). Dialoguealso is a goodway to wintheemployees and customerscooperation. Some companies fail to communicate to their customers effectively hence leading to upcoming scandals. In 2000, executives of Merck failed to recall their drugs after

President Obamas' Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Essay

President Obamas communicatory and Non-verbal Communication - Essay ExampleTherefore, in order to communicate effectively with the public the governmental catch must show various characteristics that are essential to do so. In this paper, we shall be analyzing how the President Obama communicates as well as whether he takes correct steps and procedure when passing his communicate to the public. The first liaison that contribute be noned when Obama is communication is that he shows a great deal of confidence speckle speaking. This serves to give the public the opinion that he is self-assured in what he is maxim and that he in reality believes it to be true. It is a known fact that the public is more appreciative of listening to a confident person than to a person without confidence because a message delivered with confidence is always better received. assertion also gives the impression of the speaker is telling the truth because all his words are said without anything tha t expertness suggest that he is lying to his audience. Furthermore, confidence ensures that the audience gives the speaker their utmost attention throughout his delivery and because he has their attention, the message he is trying to communicate will be received with little or no distortion (Denham, 1998). The second thing, which is not adapted in Obama and most if not all governmental officials when communicating with the public is their being well, versed in the subject matter of what they are trying to communicate. It can be seen that they have studied the history of what they are communicating and have made their own personal abridgment of it before coming to make their speech to the public. It seems that the public is more receptive of the speaker and what he is saying because of this and this may ensure that the speaker has the undivided attention of the public. The knowledge of the subject matter ensures that the speaker is able-bodied to communicate well with the public and that what he says is comprehensible (Sam, 2003). His understanding of the subject also ensures that the speaker is able to interpret and simplify the message for his audience so that they are better able to understand what it is he is trying to pass on to them. A result of having prior knowledge of what he is communicating is that it gives the governmental figure the necessary confidence to not only pass on the message he wishes to the public, only if he is also able to add on to it his own opinions and relate them to the current situation. When communicating to the public, it can be noted that President Obama pauses often to let his message sink in. these pauses often occur instantly after the speaker makes an important point or when there is an ovation from the public after he has stated what has pleased them. These pauses are important not only to allow the audience to receive the message well, but it also ensures that the audience does not lose track of the speech itself w hile making their ovations. A good speaker should take note of where and when make these pauses in his speech so that he does not lose his audience (Trahant, 2006). In addition to making pauses in his speech, the governmental figure also seems not only to be serious throughout the speech but his facial expression follows the mood of his audience. However, he does not allow the audience to control completely the process, and in fact, he is the one who controls the mood

Sample Adolescence Movie Paper, school age , early childhood Essay

take Adolescence Movie Paper, school age , early childhood - Essay ExampleThe school he attends has programs that impart the children who are of the same age to play together and avails toys for them to play with. They have several play sessions some(prenominal) indoors and outdoors so that they can be able to explore and develop in a wholesome manner. The variant sessions in their daily routine are also punctuated by breaks that allow them to track down on snacks as well as have a chance to visit the bathroom. This breaks are schedule in a regular manner so that the children are not engaged in a particularly activity for too long to make them lose their interest in it.Garvin is four long time old and has dark soft hair with round eyes and a pale complexion. He seems standardized a social and outgoing boy who is not shy compared to the other children who are in his class. At the beginning of the observation, Garvin is standing next to a desk in class together with three other c hildren turn some tubs of blocks are on the table before them.Garvin carefully looks at the girl next to him as he stretches forward and picks a block from the table. He moves to the side of the table where the block is nearest to the border and picks it before the girl could pick it and goes round the table to the spot where he was initially standing. This shows the development of a gender schema which can be said to be a cognitive framework that allows the government activity of information that is relevant to gender therefore making children come up with rules concerning what is appropriate for girls and boys (Feldman 252). He starts cast the block from one side of the table to the other and stretches to clear the items that were on the table so that he can show the rest of the children what he was doing. He continues doing this while making sure that they children who are with him at the table see what he is doing. Soon he moves around the room to find a different toy to pla y with and leaves the blocks for the children who were with him at the

Muke analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Muke analysis - Essay ExampleThe cardinal of them therefore head west with no money and desperate to make ends meet. Out of anxiety on how to survive, pack engages himself with drugs. The book goes on to explain the ins and outs in the drug world and the effects of greed on the main character, James.James showed a great deal of greed among each the characters in the novel. He understandably wanted a muddle of things which lead him into making bad decisions. First of all, he involved himself with drugs when things went sulfur for him and Kate. He chose the wrong path of drug dealing since it seemed to him that it could be of much worth than any opposite job out there that was availed to him. He could not care about endangering himself. In addition to this, James proved his greediness in how he supplied the marijuana to his customers (DSouza 18). As much as what he did was all for his coming baby, he still did it with self-indulgence and always made sure he could get more than e nough.Another evidence of greed is revealed to us when James and Mason fronted Russell around two pounds when they sold him the drugs. Russell did not say a word about it probably due to his rather long time intimacy to them (DSouza 97). Also, James always agreed to help out greedy people for example, Darren, whose business collapsed in Thailand. Darren rudd was in a major mess, that he even went to jail and this made him loose a lot of his assets like his cars, his farm and much more. It is clear that greed drove James into making bad decisions that completely changed his life. He was now in an illegal world that didnt make anyone close to him feel safe, oddly Kate and their

Consumer Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Behaviour - concession ExampleOne of the peripheral factors that influences the consumer behaviour is the culture as it is imposed on a individual by other individuals. The culture is the complex whole that comprises of knowledge, customs, morals, arts, beliefs and other habits and capabilities which ar acquired by a soulfulness as a societys member (Voon, 2011). Since there is a difference among various cultures of the countries, marketers start out to ensure that they have sufficient information about the perceptions, norms and rituals of a culture so that the goods and services be offered in accordance to the demands of the respective markets culture.In todays dynamic course environment, the marketers have to deal with various challenges especially circumvention of messages that are conflicting, tailoring the marketing activities in ways that are compatible with consumers requirements and addressing the behaviour patterns of consumers across varying cultures so tha t the long-term objectives of customer loyalty force out be effectively attained (Mandal, 2012). Although there are many challenges that need to be addressed besides the most important ones that impact the consumer behaviour are the culture and psychological factors. Every promotional running game will have different influences on people belonging to varying cultures therefore, the marketers have to ensure that produce and brand value are created in accordance with their sought after goals so that they can develop a right image in the consumers minds.Since the product is the main element of the marketing mix which tends to couple the attention of the customers, only product-based marketing campaign will be insufficient for demonstration of the value that is desired by the consumers in fact, the marketers will have to develop goods and marketing strategy that takes account of all ethnic rituals along with in-depth investigation, analysis and

Age of revolt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

get on of revolt - Research Paper ExampleThis is because institutional processes and instruments accord people with the chance to exchange a regime with one which appears by public judgment to embody better prospects for development, more effective design of the peoples will and transparency and civil liberties and freedoms. This was the state of affairs in Britain, France and America before the English (1640-1660), French (1789-1799) and Ameri wad Revolutions (1775-1778), respectively (Lebrun, 839-40).In most instances, there are bouts of political onerousness in the run up to the mutation as a possible alternative. While the spates of state-perpetrated injustices may attend to hinder anti-government criticism at a casual glance and from the outset, it bolsters the envisioning of alternative possibilities, of which a revolution is one.According to Frero, there are different forces which facilitate the consideration of alternative possibilities. A powerful or liberated media is one force which may facilitate the consideration of a revolution. This is because, in the absence of government-instigated censorship, the media can air art, literature and political ideologies which are radical enough to inspire a revolution. Nevertheless, there has to be political setbacks such as misrule, corruption and undemocratic tendencies in order for the consideration of revolutionary prospect to concretize in the mind of the public (Frero, 84).Another force which plays a pivotal role in the consideration of a revolution as an alternative is radical or revolutionary art, literature or political philosophy. A society wherein the masses are oppressed and socioeconomically exploited by the reigning class is bound to consider a revolution as the means by which it can scram about positive change upon interacting with radical political philosophy such as Karl Marxs communistic Manifesto where the masses are taught that all state

DiscussionAnalyzing Cost of Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DiscussionAnalyzing Cost of Capital - Essay ExampleIn order to thin this and attain an optimum capital structure the firm postulate to determine the combinations of equity and debt that minimize the W.A.C.C. The efficient use of that capital should also be considered, as there would be no need of accumulating walloping amounts of capital without necessary considerations of the projects that are supposed to be undertaken.The friendship should also consider the cost of superlative the particular capital that it deems appropriate. This is measured by the marginal cost of capital. . To obtain finance a company will pay implicit be which are commonly known as floatation costs (Rosemary, 2012). These include Underwriting commission, Brokerage costs, cost of depression a prospectus, Commission costs, legal fees, analyze costs, cost of printing share certificates, advertising costs etc. For debt there are legal fees, valuation costs (i.e. security, audit fees, Bankers commission etc .). The company needs to determine the combination of capital items that will minimize to a oversize extent the marginal cost of capital (M.C.C).The company also needs to consider leverage. This is the amount of debt utilize to finance a firms assets. A firm with significantly more debt than equity is considered to be more leveraged. A high degree of leverage increases the financial risk the company faces, as it may not be able to refinance such debt, leading to insolvency (Rosemary, 2012). An optimum capital structure needs has lower amounts of financial risk and sustainable levels of

Information Technology as an Element of Competitive Advantage Essay

Information Technology as an member of Competitive Advantage - Essay ExampleLogistics management is an integrating function that coordinates the entire activities in logistics, unitedly with logistic activities related to other functions such as marketing, finance, sales manufacturing and information technology (Long 2003, p.12). thither are a number of components in logistics management, since it covers the entire business return chain. Transportation logistics is one of the most discussed part in these supply chain management. How a firm moves its goods from a certain location to a opposite one tramp have a monumental impact on the general performance (Long 2003, p.10. In a number of cases, this sector of the supply chain becomes given to a third party that deals in the expatriation. This enables a business to manage every(prenominal) the seasonal and market demand changes, reducing the desire to utilize and fire workers based on the business cycles. Nevertheless, transp ortation is just but a piece of logistics. There exist sectors in supply chain that get governed by this logistic management. These are warehousing, supply, order fulfillment, transportation and also customer service (Long 2003, p.11). Supply Supply majors with the capability of securing goods or even edged corporeals that will later get sold to the consumer as finished goods. Running an appropriate supply requires tidy forecasting in demand, and the sound understanding of the minimum requirements in production to turn to profits (Long 2003, p.10). completely in all the buyers based in the purchasing department, are solely responsible for getting the necessary raw material or goods, for the best available price and having the products in their possession when needed. Firms should have knowledge of the trends in the market to predict the supply that people will need, and to use this information to manage raw materials for the production of goods in order to meet the high demand. Manufacturers find this sector of the supply chain a little obscure (Long 2003, p.11). They can employ a few vendors to make sure they will always locate all the raw materials the firm requires. They should always be aware of the lag times for these raw materials to reach their base. If whatever raw material takes three months to arrive from the date of purchase or order, the business should have non less than a three month supply on hand (Long 2003, p.14). The suppliers should be at all times monitored and counted. Transportation The transportation logistics does not only apply to the acquisition of raw materials and goods to the warehouse, but to supply all the retail locations (Long 2003, p.15). In other instances, the sales force moves with the goods at hand in a way to different retail stores, as with beverages and snacks. In a number of instances, hunt downing retailers get shipments of goods from these warehouses. Where the transaction of goods takes freight through cou ntry borders or state lines, management in logistics should address compliance with the manage regulations whether local, federal and even international. Vehicles that get registered improperly or failure to reach the Transportation Department regulations can totally spoil a firms ability to transport goods when required (Long 2003, p.16). Such delays lead to additional costs as other third parties must become hired to take the goods where they should be on time. This is also a reason as to why a number of

Concerning Globalisation Essay Example for Free

Concerning Globalisation EssayIn arguments concerning globalization, controversy is quite evident. Discuss the positive and negative outcomes committed with this issue.In todays life we often encounter terms such as living in a global village and we all live in the same orb. Even manifestly switching on the television brings us face to face with events occurring on the other side of the globe. News broadcasts transmit not only the local news or the latest political propaganda being fed to the flock, exclusively to a fault incidents taking commit all over Europe, Asia, the Americas and even Africa. We all witness this everyday, yet we r atomic number 18ly decimal point to truly think of the implications. What is the signifi pilece of virtually being a spectator in events across the world? What difference does this make to an individual? More importantly, what interchanges does this bring upon a society?Many people run into globalisation a recent, modern phenomenon and as sociate it with todays highly technological age. After all, the world must be globalized if humanity is capable of breaching the frontier and sending man into space. However, the truth is that globalisation had much to a greater extent low beginnings. Ever since Christopher Columbus set foot in what is now America, and ever since the Roman Empire began conquest land to incorporate into its glorious empire, globalisation has been a vital social process.The fact that this has been taking place for so long has ensured that no country is capable of surviving on its own because nobody is self-sufficient. battalion today atomic number 18 becoming more than interdependent because a global mentality is being further and taught. However, true globalisation was slowed until 1990, the end of the Cold War, because until then the world was divided in two. Nonetheless, many settled countries (including Malta) still display strong influences, especially in language and culture, adopted from their colonisers. in that respectfore, globalisation inflicts social change upon a country or area. People are being socialised into other cultures. However, this doesnt necessarily intend that a country is losing its own culture it is simply updating it.Technology and communications confine had a strong impact on speeding up globalisation. What were first considered luxuries, such as television and Internet, before long became important factors leading to social change. This is because they led to an increase in information accessibility, product accessibility and education. other candidate of globalisation is the fact that regionalism is decreasing. For example, organisations such as NAFTA started out as regional organisations but take for expanded their horizon. The EU has agreements with over 100 countries outside Europe. Transnational corporations also open the doors to globalisation since they have many branches all over the world and have no borders.There are 3 of i mport outlooks on globalisation, which vary drastically from each other. Some solicit in favour of this phenomenon whilst others try to balk it from occurring.The Sceptics bank that the whole argument regarding globalisation is being exaggerated. They say that this sudden debate about this topic is simply over-hyped. Globalisation has not emerged recently it has just intensified in its interactions and scale. By stating this, the sceptics admit that at once there is more interaction and communication between countries than ever before. Sceptics also criticize economy because they believe that it is not truly globalise. They try to prove this by arguing that certain countries are much more developed than others, and if the world were truly globalise countries would be equal.Sceptics are criticized fiercely for what seems to be an old-fashioned and ethnocentric approach. An argument placed against them says that simply because some countries are not yet part of it, it doesnt mea n that globalisation doesnt exist. They are also accused of discouraging globalisation because they fear that it will make people more interactive and interdependent, thus forcing their governments to share their power and money with others.On the flip side of the coin, one can find the Hyperglobalizers. These believe that the world is one and globalisation covers the whole world and is a very significant phenomenon that is felt almost everywhere. This process does not respect national borders or ideas of sovereignty. Hyperglobalizers base their arguments on aspects of commerce, merchandise and production. Kenichi Ohmae, a japanese hyperglobalizer, stated that globalisation leads to a borderless world. His argument presents an interesting association with the Marxist ideology, but from an opposite point of view. In fact, Ohmae says that money makes the world go round since it is invested all around the world, under on name. Therefore (like in Marxism) everyone works towards a sin gle goal the same world. Hyperglobalizers base their arguments on the changing role of each nation within the whole world, not simply within a region.Like the Sceptics, Hyperglobalizers have been criticized for being overly biased towards a particular viewpoint. In fact, they consider globalisation to be indispensable and flawless and reject any negative influences it may bring about.Transformationalists provide an alternate view on the subject. They believe globalisation is the central force in a broad spectrum of changes taking place throughout the world, which is not yet hyper-globalized. In fact, some countries are highly globalized (for example U.S.A., Japan and Europe) whilst others (such as African nations) are still very far behind in this process. Many of these countries are still uncertain on the benefits of globalisation and of what they want. However, countries that are globalised do not lose their independence or sovereignty. For example, although England are a member of the EU, they do not use the Euro as their currency, but the English superlative (although some say that they may soon succumb to pressure and introduce the Euro).This transformation brought about by globalisation requires people to adjust to the new situation and learn to live with each other and with people from other cultures and backgrounds. Transformationalists also say that globalisation is a two-way flow of images, not simply a one-way process.The No Global movement is another notorious organization fighting against the occurrence of globalisation. They argue that it causes inequality between first and third world countries. They criticize rich countries for not helping scurvy countries and for not trying to bridge the financial and social gaps between them. However, help must not simply be acts of charity, where money is given to their governments, but more practical help at the root of the problem.There are other NGOs discouraging globalisation, such as the Campaign fo r Global Justice, who see it as a completely negative process. These try to inform people that it must be slowed and, if possible, stopped. An argument brought up concerns the aspect of free betray. Whilst some people say that it solves problems of poverty and inequality, they state that this only flows in one management the rich produce and the poor consume, thus forcing them to depend on rich countries. If it were truly free trade both would produce and consume, thus creating an equal situation.Globalisation involves certain risks, such as environmental abasement due to development, shifting employment patterns leading to stress and anxiety, heightened job insecurity and de-skilling (such as the infamous 7-Up campaign in Malta last year), decline in traditional influences and loss of self-identity, erosion of family patterns, and democratization of personal relationships.These are all problems one must consider when trying to evaluate the impact of globalisation, especially i n infirm of the forthcoming referendum on whether Malta is to enter the EU or not. This is a subjective argument, however one cannot cover that without globalisation, the world would not be the same.

Citibank Budgeting Essay Example for Free

Citibank Budgeting Essay1. Analysis of Budget Process at Citibank Direction and control of Citibanks international branches ar conducted via two formal management subroutinees. Each year, crown management puts sovereign pret final stage limits for its independent branches bestiald on proposals by country managers. Country managers whitethorn choose to enmesh with self-enforce limits below this upper guide attract. Following, in that location is the cipher potting go, where headquarters that provides administrative guidelines exactly not specific targets, with operating managers being responsible for budgets for the following year. Ind unmatchablesia often tack their targets above these long goals. Performance is measured and comp ard against the budget each month, and a new forecast, which will be reviewed by the division manager, is drawn up each quarter for the re of importder of the year.This structure of bottom-up budgeting is abstract for a decentralized fir m like Citibank. This is evident from the freedom Mr Mistri has over Indonesias trading operations and the divergent business segments and divisions, as shown in Exhibit 2 3. Such a participative process is likely to append management load to achieve the targets since country managers be responsible for influencing their own targets. More importantly, country managers hunch over the local business environment and kitchen-gardening better than convocation managers, therefore their targets are likely to be much accurate and realistic.Furthermore, bottom-up budgeting is a form of action control while the frequent reviews of the budgets wait ons as preaction review. Both facilitate information sharing within the organisation, with long-term strategic goals of the firm being communicated down and local business potentials and risks conveyed upwards via the budgets and forecasts. They also assist managers to think further ahead about what they essential to achieve in the near future.However, Citibanks budgeting process appears to lease an imbalanced focus with just about of the ferocity placed solely on financial measures. Although these measures kindle be easily obtained and are inexpensive because they are by-products of the accounting system, it does not fully represent all aspects of the organizations strategies and goals. Instead, the budget could be restructured to include other non-financial aspects such as customer satisfaction and employee morale to obtain a balance, which will be vital towards the long term success of Citibank.None of Citibanks budget items extend beyond the nigh year instead there is an emphasis on a fixed short horizon. This can consequent in managers developing a myopic focus instead of measuring the fulfilment of Citibanks long-term goals or the local governments societal expectations. Myopia is aggravated by the monthly instruction execution reviews which reveals the focus on short term goals. Citibank should look at its budget with a longer horizon.Moreover, the budgeting process in Citibank appears to be tedious and too while-consuming. The requirement for operating managers to conduct discussions and forecast all the line items shown on the submission form seems to borrow up significant time and effort. Such a process could be costly for the firm in terms of opportunity costs colligate to unnecessary time and resources spent. The benefits of such a tedious budgeting process must be high enough to justify the related costs.Also, there seems to be no connection and a mismatch between the two management processes. It is precisely reasonable that these two processes should go hand in hand as higher(prenominal) returns may only be possible with a higher risk appetite. However, increase in profit goals is not matched by an increase in risk tolerance (sovereign risk limit). Moreover, sovereign risk limits is implant yearly but not adjusted when budgets are revised each quarter. Citibank sho uld consider allowing country/division managers to adjust risk limits to match any revisions in budgets during the year.Use of the Budget for Performance Evaluation of Managers Performance is monitored every month against budgets, and incentive pay for managers were linked to budget-related performance. Incentive compensation could range up to approximately 70% of base salary although awards of 30-35% were more typical. Assignment of bonuses were based approximately 30% on corporate performance and 70% on individual performance, primarily performance related to forecast.This emphasizes results accountability as it involves rewarding the managers for generating good results that are aligned to the budgets. As such, it influences actions because it causes employees to be concerned about the consequences of the actions they take. However, the contradiction in this is that while these managers will not be constrained in what actions they can take to achieve their goals, they are also e mpowered to take whatever actions they believe will best produce these desired results. Hence, it is highly dependent on power controls with regards to the managers hired.Provided that budgets were adequately set with appropriately extent of goal difficulty, these budgets act as results controls and affects a managers motivating since the targets are linked to performance military ranks and compensation. Furthermore, it is beneficial that managers compensation is tied nowadays to both individual(70%) and corporate performance(30%), allowing a larger perspective to be considered. Differentiation of base earnings from fantastic earnings for which managers are not held accountable for is in line with the controllability principle. This is vital because setting performance targets to reveal for each measure allows the managers to assess their performance and also get rewarded, encouraging behaviors that lead to desired results. As such, this will promise manager rewards that provi de the most powerful motivational effects in the most cost effective ways possible.However, performance evaluations based on budgeted information is backward looking (extrapolating last(prenominal) trends) while it is best that the evaluations be forward looking. It should be evaluated based on the future cash bleed/profits that can be brought to the firm instead of historical performance to promote a higher performance in the future.Furthermore, as their compensation is tied to meeting targets, it might promote game-playing and politics. As for Citibank, their culture encourages aggressive mark-ups to budget with managers constantly setting challenging budgets. For Mr Mistri, he will feel the extra force since the aggressive targets can barely be met with the deteriorating conditions in Indonesia.In conclusion, the current budget and performance evaluation system, which is mainly bottom up with top down guidance, matches the decentralized structure of Citibank. Although there se ems to be trade-offs and worrys with Citibanks current bottom up budgeting system, there is no perfect budget system to optimally see all the different purposes of budgeting. What Citibank can do is to put in place measures to minimize some of these shortcomings.2. ar managers at Citibank committed to achieving budget targets?Yes, managers are committed as a result of their freedom to set their own budgets subject to guidelines provided by top management.Mr Mistri can choose to operate with a self imposed sovereign risk limit which is lower than the one approved by the New York Headquarter if he thinks that the one set by the top management is too aggressive. The fact that he has control over this gist that he will be little pressurised to set unrealistic goals or engage in budget slacks. These will garner higher commitment from managers since the budgets set are not restrictive and offer tractableness to managers according to the business conditions.The commitment to achieve targets is augmented as incentive compensation for managers is linked to budget-related performance. frankincense they will work towards getting more incentives for themselves through surpassing the budgeted forecast. On the other hand, the amount of commitment may be limited by the constant revision of budgets each quarter. Managers may be slight motivated to hit their budget target if they know that those targets can be revised lower in the next quarter if performance was unsatisfactory. In addition, the frequent changes may make managers unfocused and reduce their motivation to work towards the goals set.If so, are the budget targets too challenging?The targets may prove to be too challenging. This can be shown by the fact that although incentive compensation could range up to 70% of base salary, awards of 30-35% were more typical, implying that it may be difficult to surpass the budgeted levels. Furthermore, Mr Mistri felt that the increased profit goal by $500K to $1mil set by Mr Gibson is too much as the budget he submitted is already very aggressive, judging by the bleak short term outlook due to the decrease in oil prices. This is supported by the self-imposed sovereign risk limit that Mr Mistri is operating at in order to minimise his motion picture which will reduce the likelihood of the firm achieving higher returns due to the lower risk.We also doubt the attainableness of the budget set. Though the forecasts and budgets are set by the operating managers themselves, we have to take into consideration Citibanks risk-taking culture. While challenging targets induce motivation, the aggressive year-on-year increase in targets might prove to be destructive to the achievement of the firms strategic objectives. Firstly, this is especially so when targets are not adjusted in times of bad macroeconomic conditions. With the incentive compensation for managers linked to budget-related performance, it seems that managers might be motivated to set unrealistic targets and employ excessively risky methods to accomplish them. Such a system would eventually serve to promote short-term gains at the expense of long-term losses for the organisation. In addition, the practice of comparing existing performance to budgeted amount monthly is too short termed and may render managers to become myopic. This may encourage managers to engage in gamesmanship such as earnings management, manipulating data to receive additional bonuses especially towards the end of a quarter.Is there any evidence of budget gaming?Yes, there is evidence of budget gaming. The main reason Mr Mistri used to justify his less than ideal budget (as compared to Mr Gibsons) is likely to be false and there are unhealthy motivations for him to engage in such behaviour.Mr Mistri justified his budget by claiming that the Indonesian providence had slipped into a recession when oil prices decreased significantly. This is supported by the fact that Citibanks Indonesian operations branc h paralleled that of the Indonesian economy. However, evidence in Exhibit 4 suggests otherwise, revealing both the net and inflation-adjusted gross domestic product of Indonesia to be increasing steadily over time. Even in 1983, GDP increased 5%. Moreover, a fall in oil prices will not necessarily lead to a recession. As such, Mr Mistris concerns are unlikely to be true and a simple check by the group managers would have allowed this to be uncovered. Moreover, even though Indonesias economy is highly dependent on oil prices, a fall in oil prices is also likely to affect Citibanks other operations in different regions. The group managers will probably have considered this effect when setting the $4mil profit goal for southwestward East Asia.In our opinion, Mr Mistri is likely to be acting as a Sandbagger. By presenting less wishful budgets, there will be higher likelihood of positive variances in actual performance. Given that compensation is tied to budget-related performance, suc h gaming behavior will probably increase Mr Mistris bonuses and salary.Another fountain for budget gaming could be to cover up the ongoing high staff turnover problem with the bad economic conditions. Mr Mistri just lost his chief of staff and two senior officers, and is concerned with constraints to growth due to his lack of experienced staff. This could in turn affect his bonus and salary. Since managers are not accountable for extraordinary earnings or losses at Citibank, by blaming the external economy (recession) for a less aggressive budget rather than on internal problems, his bonuses will not be affected.Furthermore, Mr Minstri has the freedom to operate at a sovereign risk limit lower than the groups since country managers are given substantial autonomy in deciding their countrys budget and risk limits. He is likely to be able to get away with a less than optimal budget if his group manager trusts him. This way, his budget gaming behavior will escape the suspicions of Mr G ibson and other group/division managers.