Describe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Describe - Essay Example It accommodates almost everybody operating within the campus be it students, tutors or other workers and thus making it one of its kind. The Rendezvous building was constructed over the past two decades with an aim of housing many operations of the university. The sophisticated design of the building matches with the current building complexes in big cities. The external faces of the walls are beautifully decorated making it unique and attractive not only to the users, but also to the outsiders. It can be ranked as the best building ever constructed by the university. The building contains staircases and washrooms, which are accessible to the occupants. There are elevators that allow the users to access the upper floors. The building services are user-friendly to the healthy and disabled persons and, thus it achieves the objectives of sustainability in buildings. As stated earlier, the university community relies on the Rendezvous building for most services. The building contributes to the enhancement and improvement of education in the school by housing lecture theatres, information centres and students’ studies. The spaces used for studies have adequate furniture, that is, chairs and tables, which makes the building a complete educational centre. Usually, many universities construct student relaxation centres far away from the classrooms, but, the building contains lecture halls and restaurants, as well as, supermarkets. In addition, the ATM offers banking services to the occupants and the University community. The building also contains meeting rooms, writing centres and a Mathematics lab. It hosts many school learning activities, from teaching, learning to surfing. There is a unique relationship between the study rooms and how they are positioned in the building. For example, the classes are located together with the lecture theatres. The supermarket and the food restaurants are near each other, and this illustrates the uniqueness of

Elderly Abuse Essay Example for Free

Elderly Abuse Essay Lifespan stage and counseling-related problems. As part of being a human being, we are born and we grow old as time passes and then we die as life comes to an end. Part of human development is the stage of late adulthood. From the book â€Å"Human Behavior in the Social Environment,† by Jose B. Ashford and Craig Winston LeCroy, the years from age sixty until death are considered late adulthood. At this stage of life, there are many challenges that the elderly people face. Aging comes with the loss of being independent, age discrimination and diminished physical ability. During the aging process, there are also biological, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual changes. Beside two other big challenges such as poverty and ageism, one of the biggest problems that elderly people face is elderly abuse when they are at the point in their lives where they are dependent of someone to provide supports for them. According to the American Psychological Association, an estimated 4 million older Americans are victims of physical, psychological or other forms of abuse and neglect. Many people who hear â€Å"elder abuse and neglect† think about older people who live in nursing homes or older relatives who live all alone and don’t have visitors. Being part of the counseling program, it is important for counselors to know that majority of incidents of elder abuse do not happen in nursing homes or other residential settings, but rather takes place at their own home with their own spouses, children, siblings or relatives. Forms of elderly abuse to be aware of are physical abuse, verbal/psychological/emotional abuse, sexual abuse, financial exploitation and neglect. Elder abuse is often a very complex problem that is caused by many reasons such as cultural issues, stress, society and other factors. Elder abuse affects both older men and women from all socioeconomic groups, cultures, race s and ethnicities. Bio-psycho-social developmental themes Bio-psycho-social developmental themes affecting late adulthood is crucial in  understanding elderly abuse. During this developmental stage, there are lots of changes in the biological systems among this age group. Problems related to elderly physical health include gradual loss of bone mass, joints are more restricted, variety of foot problems, and arthritis which is known to affect many elderly people. Power and speed of muscle decrease as well as strength and endurance. There is a decline in hearing and vision impairment. Skin gets thin and dryer which make the skin more easily bruised and injured. Maintaining independence and health is very important in the success of someone who is in this stage of development. With the biology of aging, the elderly become physically frail which cause others to care for them sometimes resulting in mistreatment and abuse. Forms of elderly abuse that affect the individuals biologically are physical abuse and sexual abuse. Physical abuse ranges from getting slapped, shoved, beatings, kicking, pinching, burning, and getting restrained with ropes or chains. Giving inappropriate medications is also part of physical abuse. Sexual abuse among this age group ranges from inappropriate touching, forcing sexual contact, rape, sodomy and coerced nudity. It is the least reported type of elderly abuse. Sexual abuse also includes taking pictures and forcing an individual to look at pornography. These two forms of elder abuse usually cause physical problems such as signs of body bruises, bruises around genital areas, unexplained sexually transmitted diseases, untreated wounds, sprains, broken glasses and bloody underclothing. There are changes in the psychological system of this developmental stage that contributed to elderly abuse and mistreatment. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia for aging individuals. Alzheimer is literally having memory loss which is common among individuals that are in their sixty and above. Cognitive impairment increases with age and dementia is usually one of the biggest problems that often refer to irreversible cognitive impairment that affects an individual’s memory, personality, and functioning. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, cognitive impairment can sometimes be discovered early in individuals. When individuals are not able to recall names, forgetting words, misplacing things, having memory loss, getting lost in own street or neighbor, not knowing or forgetting chore needs to be done, they may possibly be showing Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia. Behavioral and emotional changes occur in people with Alzheimer’s disease. As the disease gets worsen, those with the disease will experience symptoms that include delusions, agitation, aggression and uncooperative with care. Alzheimer is a commonly known dementia disease in which there is no cure and it gets worse as it progresses. The risk of abuse increases in people with health issues such as dementia (Kohn and Verkoek-Oftedahl 2011). Verbal, emotional and psychological abuses are the common abuses that elderly individuals suffered from. Signs of emotional and psychological abuse are being upset, withdrawn, and unusual dementia-like behavior such as rocking and sucking. Name calling, intimidation, threatening, isolating the individual from families and friends are forms of verbal, emotional and psychological abuse. In late adulthood, the social dimension or support system becomes smaller. Majority of older adults have some family, while others do not. Family is the first line of support for older adults when they need care and assistance. Some older adults or elderly individuals often live with their children including grandchildren, while others live with their spouses. It is important to know that elderly abuse is often caused by family members and the least likely to be reported. For those that do not have family and are dependent for care, they are often live in adult residential homes or care facilities where they only people they interact with are the staffs within those settings. Elderly abuse is sometimes caused by individuals working at the care homes. Some individuals of this population experience loneliness and isolation. When an individual is isolated for no apparent reason, it is sometimes can be part of elderly abuse. Counseling Practice: Assess and Strategy Elderly abuse is often the result of certain societal attitudes that contribute to the violence and discrimination against older people. From the American Psychological Association, such factors that contribute to elderly abuse include the devaluation of and lack of respect for older adults and the society’s belief that what goes on in the home is a private â€Å"family matter.† When societal views regarding older people as insignificant, it results in failure to recognize the importance of assuring support, dignity and nonabusive life circumstances for every older individual. When people outside of the family observe or suspect abuse, they may fail to intervene because they believe that it is a family problem and is none of their  problems or they might be afraid that they are dealing with a private matter. Also, the feeling of shame and embarrassment might often make it difficult for older persons or even family members to report and reveal the abuse because they do n’t want others to know that such events are occurring in their families. Counselors need to take into consideration of certain cultural values, beliefs and traditions that influence the family dynamics and intergenerational relationships. These differences can make the situations difficult to distinguish from abuse or neglect. One big problem is older individuals from ethnic minorities or immigrants that do not speak English and have language barriers, financial or emotional dependence that prevent them from seeking or willingness to report abuse. It is important that anyone who works with older people in potentially abusive situations need to be sensitive to cultural differences and intervene accordingly as well as not to ignore signs of abuse. To prevent elderly abuse, counseling for behavioral or personal problems in the family can be helpful. Treating family members with substance abuse can prevent violence against aging adults in the households. In some cases, it may be a best interest to have the older individuals move to a different safer setting or having the older individuals live in nursing home if adult children are not equipped emotionally and physically to support and handle the responsibility of caring for an elderly person. When suspected of elderly abuse, counselors or any other related mental health professionals are mandated to report elderly abuse to adult protective services as required by laws. It is also important not let fear prevent you from reporting any suspicions of abuse taking place. It is important to know that someone’s life can be saved from further harms including death. People in their late adulthood deserve to be treated with respect and dignity. They are our parents, grandparents and love ones who deserve good care and love as they have reached the full stage of their lives. Cited Page Ashford, J. B., LeCroy, C. W., Lortie, K. L. (2010). Human behavior in the social environment: a multidimensional perspective (4th ed.). Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Elder Abuse and Neglect: In Search of Solutions. (n.d.). http://www.apa.org. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/elder-abuse.aspx Kohn, R., Verhoek-Oftedahl, W. (2011). Caregiving and Elder Abuse. Medicine Health Rhode Island, 94(2), 47–49. OpenStax College. (2013, July 29). Challenges Facing the Elderly. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m42880/1.4/ Resources Two Current Book References Glicken, M. D. (2009). Evidence-based counseling and psychotherapy for an aging population. Amsterdam: Academic. This book is a practical guide for advanced students, social workers, clinicians or anyone in the mental field that work with elderly clients. It covers the most effective evidence-based practices for assessment and treatment of elderly clients. Each chapter of the book directly addresses different range of conditions and disorders that are the most common for the elderly population such as social isolation, elder abuse and neglect, depression, anxiety disorders, terminal illnesses, dementias and so forth. It also prepares readers for conditions that they will encounter in the real world even working with or interacting with the elderly population. Wilson, G. (2000). Understanding old age critical and global perspectives. London: Sage. This book is about understanding old age or the elderly population. It gives readers a wide range of issues and policies on ageing. It provides many theoretical perspectives on ageing in different societies, the trends involving aging adults and what roles should be taken by older people including those who interact with this population. The book explores migration, different health issues, pensions, the structure of family and institutional care as well as it also touches based on elderly abuse. This book is essential for students, nurses, social work, counselors and those who want further understanding of the older population in our society. Journal Article Thompson, H., Priest, R. (2005). Elder Abuse and Neglect: Considerations  for Mental Health Practitioners. Adultspan Journal, 4(2), 116-128. According to the authors, elder abused is largely an unrecognized problem in the United States and is often untreated. Elder abuse and neglect is so prevalence, that not all incidents are reported. By 2030, the elderly population of late adulthood will double and it is important for mental health practitioners to be aware of intervention, different strategies, consequences, laws and the risk factors that contributed to elder abuse when working with clients. The article addresses the different types of elderly abuse and states real life problems that mental health practitioners including counselors will encounter when working with the population. Educational Internet Website National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA) www.ncea.aoa.gov The National Center on Elder Abuse or NCEA is directed by the U.S. Administration on Aging. According to the mission of The National Center on Elder Abuse, it is a resource for policy makers, social service and health care practitioners, the justice system, researchers, advocates, and families. The site has prevention strategies and different intervention partners that are good for different work fields such as for those working with older people in the social services, APS, Ombudsman and etc†¦ It provides many different practices that are utilized in different states throughout the United States. Local Referral Source Department of Health and Human Services, Ombudsman Program 7001 A East Parkway Sacramento, CA 95823 Telephone: (916) 875-2000 The Office of Ombudsman provide information, answer questions and resources to address issues. The Office of Ombudsman protects and defends a citizen’s rights.

Organization Performance Essay -- Business, The Roles of Managers

Organisational Performance. The term organisation performance relates to the past, present and future-projected performance of an organisation, thus, the performance of an organisation comprises the actual output measured against the intended outputs (Goals and Objectives). The role of managers is to ensure that the performance of the organisation is aligned with attaining the goals and objectives of the organisation, by taking necessary steps to ensure that the work (outputs) of an organisation are also aligned with the overall objectives and goals. Organisation Managers’ sets and projects target that are designed or aim to achieving the objectives that are aligned with the mission of the organisations. This also acts as guidance to staffs, which provides the staffs the sense of direction of the organisation. The Performance targets are set/ compare against previous past performances achievement. In order for performance target to be attained, it must be realistic and achievable. Mann (2002) suggested that the key to long term success is having and communicating a clear vision, mission and strategy. Target setting must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound with acronym; SMART. Performance indicators are tools device used by organisations to measure how well they are performing in relation to their goals and objectives, thus also provides understanding and indicator to organisations stakeholder on how organisation is in track with achieving its target. Acronym KPI; (key performance indicator) are represented in percentages, often used to express and numeric representation of the organisational performance, thus enables a comparison of attained targets and future target setting. Whilst KPI is an eff... ...alysis of this argument indicates that Strategy can also be derived form actions and reactions of everyone within the organisation. The role of Police environment managers and including the SPCP units’ managers’ primary role are to formulate and implement the predetermined force strategy. Individuality of each managers and external factors can influence the leadership style of individual managers. Organisational managers are individual with recognised authorities, authorized to formulate, delegate and implement existing strategy of an organisation, in order to achieve the objectives of the organisation, the Managers must be competent and motivated in their role, in order to motivate others. The managers of the SPCP units’ steers and direct the staffs within towards achieving the objectives of the Strathclyde Police force objectives of making communities safer. Organization Performance Essay -- Business, The Roles of Managers Organisational Performance. The term organisation performance relates to the past, present and future-projected performance of an organisation, thus, the performance of an organisation comprises the actual output measured against the intended outputs (Goals and Objectives). The role of managers is to ensure that the performance of the organisation is aligned with attaining the goals and objectives of the organisation, by taking necessary steps to ensure that the work (outputs) of an organisation are also aligned with the overall objectives and goals. Organisation Managers’ sets and projects target that are designed or aim to achieving the objectives that are aligned with the mission of the organisations. This also acts as guidance to staffs, which provides the staffs the sense of direction of the organisation. The Performance targets are set/ compare against previous past performances achievement. In order for performance target to be attained, it must be realistic and achievable. Mann (2002) suggested that the key to long term success is having and communicating a clear vision, mission and strategy. Target setting must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound with acronym; SMART. Performance indicators are tools device used by organisations to measure how well they are performing in relation to their goals and objectives, thus also provides understanding and indicator to organisations stakeholder on how organisation is in track with achieving its target. Acronym KPI; (key performance indicator) are represented in percentages, often used to express and numeric representation of the organisational performance, thus enables a comparison of attained targets and future target setting. Whilst KPI is an eff... ...alysis of this argument indicates that Strategy can also be derived form actions and reactions of everyone within the organisation. The role of Police environment managers and including the SPCP units’ managers’ primary role are to formulate and implement the predetermined force strategy. Individuality of each managers and external factors can influence the leadership style of individual managers. Organisational managers are individual with recognised authorities, authorized to formulate, delegate and implement existing strategy of an organisation, in order to achieve the objectives of the organisation, the Managers must be competent and motivated in their role, in order to motivate others. The managers of the SPCP units’ steers and direct the staffs within towards achieving the objectives of the Strathclyde Police force objectives of making communities safer.

Explain how the narrow rule stated in Donoghue v Stevenson has been developed Essay

Under the ‘narrow rule’ established in Donoghue v Stevenson[1] ‘a manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in the preparation or putting up of products will result in an injury to the consumer’s life or property, owes a duty to the consumer to take that reasonable care’[2]. Firstly, from Donoghue liability has been extended in order to cover individuals who supply or repair products, the erectors of tombstones[3], electrical equipment installers[4], constructing staff buildings[5] etc. Also, understanding of ‘consumer’ has been widely developed to include users of particular article[6], anyone who might be in a direct contact with the article[7] or people in the neighbourhood of the good in question[8]. Donoghue, case that product liability in Scotland begins with, states that responsibility for defective products rests on the manufacturer on the condition that there is no possibility of intermediate examination of the product[9]. New approach declares that ‘possibility’ should be replaced with ‘probability’[10]. Case Bates v Batey[11] extends product liability law illustrating failure to provide flawless design of the product. Ginger beer busted in consumers hands. Manufacturer was held liable along with shopkeeper who could have exercised reasonable care by simply testing the product. Situation similar to Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co where a bottle with drink fell apart in pursuer’s hands. However, simple existence of a chance to examine product is not enough to be held discharged from duty[12]. More important issue within this subject is whether manufacturer gave the consumer a warning so that some extend of danger can be reasonably expected.[13] What is more, in situation when examination has not been performed successfully, defender will still be held liable for the defect on basis of Voli v Inglewood Shire Council[14] where architect of building which happened to collapse, was find guilty of negligence despite of public authority’s inspection that failed to detect the flaw. Bunchan v Ortho Pharmaceutical[15] presents a failure to warn about the possibility of danger relating to the product. Situation was deteriorated by the lack of appropriate guidance concerning usage which was caused by inadequate label placed on the container. To solve this problem, when dealing with demanding products, manufacturer is under a duty to inform the consumer about risk connected with the good in question using a leaflet or a labels[16]. It applies for all situations where the product needs to be used in correct way[17]. A matter of appropriate notice is a question of fact and degree of the danger the article brings. If an adequate warning is being provided with potentially dangerous product there in no liability reasting on producer as it constitutes novous actus interveniens that erases chain of causation.[18] If product is found to be faulty after being put out into the market, the producer is deemed to issue information with a warning and recall the product if it is indispensable[19]. However, when danger is obvious and reasonable to expect for an ordinary person, there is no duty of care[20]. Approach is presented in Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restaurants[21] where a disposable cup with hot liquid covered with a lid is not defective itself due to the general knowledge. It states: if a cup strucks hard surface it may result in an injury. Standard of safety is defined by what the society in general is entitled to expect in comparison to what they actually expect. Another interesting case concerning general knowledge has been brought against McDonalds Restaurant in Pelman v. McDonald’s Corp[22]. Pursuer alleged food produced by McDonald’s restaurants responsible for making people obese. Case has been dismissed. Year 1936 brought a significant extension to the ‘narrow rule’. By the time of Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd[23] case, where problems with proving defects in product’s design arose[24], it was often problematic to prove that the defender was negligent in common law. Basis of the problem was lack of witness who could speak to the design flaws. Lord Wright adopted the rule of evidence called res ipsa loguitur[25]. In accordance to prior, events along with consistent facts justification are in competence to establish a breach[26]. Case Daniels v R White[27]contradicts Grant’s res ipsa loguitor approach stating that it is possible for a manufacturer to prove that process of manufacturing has been performed with the best possible quality and is the best in trade so that no liability can be recognized. A product design flaw is a random problem causing tragedies all around the world. Thalidomide was a German drug emitted in 1957 that caused over 10,000 human birth deformities attacking nervous system of its victims. Thalidomide was being prescribed to pregnant women as a sedative and to alleviate morning sickness drug. The principle of self-monitoring applied. There was no legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany that would require actual investigation and test concerning new medicines. In consequence, drugs did not have to be tested for their destructive tendency. There was no legal authority to support the claim along with problems to establishing link between deformities and medicine. Carrol v Fearon[28] shares the same issue as Thalidomide case. Onus lies on the pursuer to bring evidence of a breach of duty and prove that the manufacturer has been negligent. If action fails at this point there can be no further proceedings. Even when defect has been established it is a matter for a judge to decide whether on the balance of probabilities it was due to manufacturer’s neglect. When deciding whether product is defective or not, character of potential injury is taken into account. Relevant measures are deemed to be taken in circumstances when product may determine imminence to sensitive parts of the body[29]. Strict liability regime for products has been imposed in 1987 with Consumer Protection Act. Act clearly defines the product as well as who is the consumer. It places liability on producers of the product; own branders and importers, in cases where any damage occurred due to product’s defect[30]. Act covers damages, loss or injuries that exceed the sum of  £275. Damage does not include loss or damage to product itself nor to any other product supplied with the product. Economic loss is consequently excluded. Worley v Tambrands Ltd[31] established objective test used to justify whether the product has a defect or not. It is required that the pursuer brings evidence of product’s defect on the balance of probabilities[32]. Feldman v Elderly Laboratories[33] illustrates the importance of product’s safety over the logic of producer’s conducts. Again, there is no need to prove defenders fault. However is it required to show that the injury, damage or loss was a consequent of the defect in question[34]. A v National Blood Authority[35] illustrates how scientific and technical knowledge at relevant time can justify defect. ‘State of art’ or ‘development of risk’ defence is believed to be the most controversial issue under the act. Usage requirements demand including all data in the information circuit of the scientific community as entirety taking under consideration actual possibilities for the information circulates. In this case the producer was aware that some blood samples might be infected but at that time there was no possibility of precaution to take. In the end court held that blood was defective and users did not know the risk they were taking and lack of care they were entitled to receive with free from infections blood transfer. When users are aware of the defect product can’t be held defective anymore for example usage of condoms is not believed to be hundred percent effective.[36] Another defence brought by the Act accounts to contributory negligence. It concerns products that are components or raw materials in an intricate product. Additionally defend requires defect to be entirely attributable to the design of the product in question. It is well know that in practise, where statutory regime is not applicable, common law liability remains. Action in circumstances where problems with identifying responsible person arisen can be simply dismissed.[37] Another issue related with subject is being brought by Veedfald v Arhus Amtskommune[38] case where part of Consumer Protection Act has been adopted stating that a supplier is not strictly liable when a defective article was not provided in the course of business. In this case medical service has been funded from public funds nevertheless for economic purpose. In order to held strict liability damage must be a consequence ‘wholly or partially ‘by the product’s defect[39]. Defectiveness of the product is defined by the Act as ‘if the safety of the product is not such as persons are entitled to expect’[40]. Issue is tested by the standards of hypothetical reasonable man in the same position as manufacturer. In Abouzaid v Mothercare[41]the pursuer lost ability to see when the pushchair strap recoiled. Court held that test of defectiveness depend mostly on society expectations[42]. In the end, Act has been a usage for pursuers with small claim mainly relating to food. Product liability can be used for extending the scope of cases appropriate for litigation and settlement. This branch of law may serve society as an opportunity for legal education and acknowledgement relating to their rights and duties. This nature expand is likely to contribute much to the evolution of tort in the long distance perspective. As it can be seen, product liability law is growing in strength with every new precedent establishing new principles when new issue occurs. Another method that is being used in Scotland is simply adopting models from different countries and learning on their mistakes. System has grown for the as 80 years since Donoghue v Stevenson and proceeds in action. [1] 1932 AC 562 [2] 1932 AC 562 per Lord Atkin (at 599) [3] Brown v Cotterill 1934 51 TLR 21 KBD [4] Eccles v Cross and McIlwham 1939 S.C. 1 [5] Anns v Merton 1978 AC 728, [1977] 2 All ER 492 HL [6] Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd1936 AC 85 [7] Barnett v H and J Packer & Co Ltd [1940] 3 All ER 575 KBD [8] Winterbottom v Wright 1842 10 M. & W. 109 [9] Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 24 Cal.2d 453, 150 P.2d 436 (1944) [10] Haseldine v C A Daw 1941 2 KB 343 [11] 1913 3 KB 351 [12] Paine v Colne Valley Electricity Co 1938 3 All ER 803 [13] Griffiths v Arch Engeering Co Ltd 1968 3 All ER 217 [14] 1963 119 CLR 74 [15] (Canada) Ltd 1986 25 DCR (4th ed.) 658. [16] Lewis v University of Bristol 1999 EWCA cw 1569 [17] Vacwell Engineering Co Ltd v BDH Chemicals Ltd 1971, 1 QB 88 at 109 [18] Kubach v Hollands 1937 3 All ER 907, KB [19] Hobbs (Farms) Ltd v Baxendale Chemicals Ltd 1992 lloyds Rep 54. [20] McTear v Imperial Tobacco Ltd 2005 CSOH 69 [21] 1995 WL 360309 [22] 237 F.Supp.2d 512 (S.D.N.Y. Jan 22, 2003) [23] ibid [24] Hindustan SS Co v Siement Bros and Co Ltd [25] the thing speak for itself [26] Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co ibid [27] 1938 4 All ER 258 [28] 1998 PIQR P416, CA [29] Abouzaid v Mothercare Ltd 2001 2000 WL 1918530 [30] S2(1) of the Act [31] 2000 PIQR 95 [32] Foster v Biosil 2001 59 B.M.L.R. 178 [33] 479 A. 2d374 [34] Richardson v LRC Products Ltd 2000 59 BM LR 185 [35] 2001 3 All ER 289 [36] Wyeth v. Levine, 555 U.S. (2009), [37] Evans v Triplex Safety Glass Co Ltd 1936 1 All ER 283; Summers v. Tice 33 Cal.2d 80, 199 P.2d 1 [38] 2003 1 CMLR 41 [39] Foster v Biosil ibid; MacPherson v. Buick 217 N.Y. 382, 111 N.E. 1050 (1916) [40] CPA 1987,s 3 (1) [41] (Uk) Ltd 2001 TLR 136 [42] A v National Blood Authority ibid

The Crysanthemums by John Steinbeck

I have chosen to work with â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck for this assignment, I have found this short story to be fascinating and it brings with It emotional undertones which remain with the reader long after reading. In the essay I will be demonstrating how the author has used both tone and style and symbolism to convey the principles of the work. Tone and style can be found in the method of writing and narration.Tone is Indicated by the style the text Is written, who the narrator is and it will establish the reader's relationship with the character's. Style Is the distinctive use of language, It Is the sum of the dictation, Imagery, syntax, grammar, punctuation, and figurative language. Often the style of writing can platoon who the writer Is. Symbol (or symbolism) In writing can be a person, time or place. Something that suggests meanings beyond the literal sense, It bears multiple suggestions and associations and Is unique to that particular work.This story i s written in third person narrative, there initially appears to be no emotional pull in the way the story is told though it is rich in descriptive of place ND setting, from this you get a sense of being hemmed in, an atmosphere almost of despair. Despite the fact that no real emotional ties seem to be present at first glance, and maybe because of this fact the reader is left to feel the emotional undercurrent.I feel that the author has more invested in the emotions of this piece and this puts it at odds to the narrator. There is some speculation that this story is in fact based on John Steinbeck relationship with his wife Carol (Satinwood, 2008) and alludes to a short affair she had with a friend of Steinbeck wife's boss. Throughout the story we get to know Elise Allen, her dreams and desires are laid bare not so much through thought or words but by her actions and her surrounds.Elijah's conversation with her husband Henry Just adds to the impression that she is a woman who wants to be thought of and treated as a woman in all aspects but through lack of communication with Henry she feels helpless and a bit like ‘one of the boys'. Is her only quality of value the ability to grow things? Henrys insistence that she should turn her hand to the orchard (far more practical) than her beloved harassments Just reinforces his inability to see her as a sexual being. Her sexuality is played down.The story comes full circle with Elijah's dissatisfaction with her life, the idea of escape or a connection, though not sexual to another person who seemed to have an interest in her and her work gives her a peek Into what could be, then back to where she started, dissatisfied with her life and love. This all adds to the alarm of dissatisfaction that Is felt. The tragedy In all this Is that she does not Just come full circle but In the process loses her dreams of Independence In the process. She seems to give up. She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly- Like an old woman† (Steinbeck, 1938). BY Vote assignment, I have found this short story to be fascinating and it brings with it writing and narration. Tone is indicated by the style the text is written, who the narrator is and it will establish the reader's relationship with the character's. Style is the distinctive use of language, it is the sum of the dictation, imagery, syntax, grammar, punctuation, and figurative language. Often the style of writing can nipping who the writer is.Symbol (or symbolism) in writing can be a person, time or place. Something that suggests meanings beyond the literal sense, it bears multiple suggestions and associations and is unique to that particular work. Seemed to have an interest in her and her work gives her a peek into what could be, air of dissatisfaction that is felt. The tragedy in all this is that she does not Just come full circle but in the process loses her dreams of independence in the process. She crying weakly â⠂¬â€œ like an old woman† (Steinbeck, 1938).

Georgia Okeffee essays

Georgia Okeffee essays Georgia Totto O'Keeffe was born in the year on November 15, 1887. She was one of seven children. O'Keeffe's aunt was mostly responsible for raising her. O'Keeffe did not care much for her aunt though; she once referred to her as, "the headache of my life." She did, however, have some respect for her aunt's strict and self disciplined character. O'Keeffe was given her own room and less responsibility. The younger sisters had to do more chores and share close living conditions. A younger sister stated that O'Keeffe always wanted things her way, and if she didn't get them her way, "she'd raise the devil." It was found through family and friends that O'Keeffe was like this throughout much of her life. O'Keeffe began her training early with private art lessons at home. The foundation of her future as an artist was made. When O'Keeffe was in the eighth grade she asked a daughter of a farm employee what she was going to do when she grew up. The girl said she didn't know. O'Keeffe replied very definitely, "...I am going to be an artist!""I don't really know where I got my artist idea...I only know that by that time it was definitely settled in my mind." She entered the Sacred Heart Academy, an art school in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1901. At school she discovered her blooming talent for artwork. Her art seemed to be the only stable element in O'Keeffe's younger life. In 1902 her parents moved to Virginia and were joined by the children in 1903. By the age of 16, O'Keeffe had 5 years of private art lessons at various schools in Wisconsin and Virginia. One particular teacher, Elizabeth Willis, encouraged her to work at her own pace and granted her opportunities that the other students felt were unfair. At times she would work intensely, and at other times she would not work for days. When it was brought to the attention of the principal, she would reply..."When the spirit moves Georgia, she can do more in a day than you can d...

COF1MRKT1436_questionnaire_F Essays - Consumer Behaviour, Business

COF1MRKT1436_questionnaire_F Essays - Consumer Behaviour, Business Questionnaire for the study of consumer purchase, consumption behaviour patterns and promotional strategies Adopted for marketing by Malaysian small firms (Information collected are used only for statistical analysis purpose and firms personal identity will not be revealed) 1.Firms Name: _____________________ 2.Gender : Male Female 3.Age : 4.Race : Malay Indian Chinese 5.Qualification : Certificate/SPM Diploma Bachelor Degree Master Degree 6. Specify your firms category: __________________________________ 7.Legal Form: Sole proprietorship Partnership Private Limited 8.Specify the number of Owners: ________________ 9.Specify the number of employees in your firm: ______________ Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Customer orientation 10.Quality of service Do you think quality of service improves customer orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 11.Number of existing customers Do you think number of existing customer contribute to customer orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 12.Customer satisfaction index Do you think customer satisfaction index influences customer orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 13.Customer intention to re-order the product Do you think customer intention to re-order the product improves customer orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 14.Trust Do you think customers trust influences customer orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 15.Deployment Do you think taking actions to deploy customer orientation throughout the organization influences customer orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Competitor orientation 16.Number of competitors Do you think number of competitors influences competitor orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 17.Competitors market share Do you think competitors market share influences competitor orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 18.Competitors attraction- price Do you think competitors price influences competitor orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 19.Competitors attraction- quality Do you think competitors quality influences competitor orientation? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Inter-Functional coordination 20.Coordination within a level Do you think coordination within a level influences Inter-Functional coordination? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 21.Coordination among different levels Do you think coordination among different level influences Inter-Functional coordination? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 22.Flow of control Do you think flow of control influences Inter-Functional coordination? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 23.Interpersonal relationship Do you think interpersonal relationship influences Inter-Functional coordination? Strongly dis-agree Dis-agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Performance 24.Please specify your annual return on investment. _________________ 25.Please specify you Growth rate of sales. _______________________ 26.Please specify your Rate of customer retention. ___________________ Thanks for your cooperation.

Vietnamization of the Vietnam War

Vietnamization of the Vietnam War Campaigning under the slogan â€Å"Peace with Honor,† Richard M. Nixon won the 1968 presidential election. His plan called for the â€Å"Vietnamization† of the war which was defined as the systematic build-up of ARVN forces to the point that they could prosecute the war without American aid. As part of this plan, American troops would slowly be removed. Nixon complemented this approach with efforts to ease global tensions by reaching out diplomatically to the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China. In Vietnam, the war shifted to smaller operations geared towards attacking North Vietnamese logistics.   Overseen by General Creighton Abrams, who replaced General William Westmoreland in June 1968, American forces shifted from a search-and-destroy approach to one more focused on defending South Vietnamese villages and working with the local population.   In doing so, extensive efforts were made to win the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese people.   These tactics proved successful and guerrilla attacks began to subside. Advancing Nixons Vietnamization scheme, Abrams worked extensively to expand, equip, and train ARVN forces.   This proved critical as the war became an increasingly conventional conflict and American troop strength continued to be reduced.   Despite these efforts, ARVN performance continued to be erratic and often relied on American support to achieve positive results. Trouble on the Home Front While the antiwar movement in the US was pleased with Nixon’s efforts at dà ©tente with communist nations, it was inflamed in 1969, when news broke about a massacre of 347 South Vietnamese civilians by US soldiers at My Lai (March 18, 1968). Tension grew further when, following a change in stance by Cambodia, the US began bombing North Vietnamese bases over the border. This was followed in 1970, with ground forces attacking into Cambodia. Though intended to enhance South Vietnamese security by eliminating a threat across the border, and thus in line with the Vietnamization policy, it was publicly viewed as expanding the war rather than winding it down. Public opinion sunk lower in 1971 with the release of the Pentagon Papers. A top-secret report, the ​Pentagon Papers detailed American mistakes in Vietnam since 1945, as well as exposed lies about the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, detailed US involvement in deposing Diem, and revealed secret American bombing of Laos. The papers also painted a bleak outlook for American prospects of victory. First Cracks Despite the incursion into Cambodia, Nixon had begun the systematic withdrawal of US forces, lowering troop strength to 156,800 in 1971. That same year, the ARVN commenced Operation Lam Son 719 with the goal of severing the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos. In what was seen as a dramatic failure for Vietnamization, ARVN forces were routed and driven back across the border. Further cracks were revealed in 1972, when the North Vietnamese launched a conventional invasion of the South, attacking into the northern provinces and from Cambodia. The offensive was only defeated with the support of US airpower and saw intense fighting around Quang Tri, An Loc, and Kontum.   Counterattacking and supported by American aircraft (Operation Linebacker), ARVN force reclaimed the lost territory that summer but sustained heavy casualties.

What did being an American mean to Douglass and what did he do to mold Essay

What did being an American mean to Douglass and what did he do to mold himself into an American - Essay Example For him America was a nation with great potentiality and it was hindered by slavery and racism. The black females were tortured and abused by white masters which were not an ideal characteristic of an American citizen according to Douglass. The American need not harm others to achieve any benefit. Being an American means giving justice to all and working towards goodness of others. According to Douglass, mutual co – operation and harmony were qualities an American need to possess. He thought being an American means to fight against slavery and suppression. Being an American means to have good education and knowledge. As per (Douglass) â€Å"Once you learn to read, you will be forever free.† Being American means having freedom to live learn and work. For Douglass, an American needs to see each other as a part of a family and care for each other. An American needs to struggle in order to progress. The moral and physical struggle should be an identity of a true American. According to ( Douglass) â€Å" If there is not struggle there is no progress† America being a Christian dominant country needs to work towards a peaceful and impartial society. He wants an American where there is no corruption, slavery, women – abusing, hypocrisy and impartiality. For him an American means one with justice, prosperity, knowledge and equality. For Douglass being an American means to fight for justice, liberty, truth and humanity. To be an American one need to reform the existing evils in the country. He wanted to be an American who could make political changes in the country and abolish slavery. An American would be one who advocates for the right of every man and woman. The first step taken by Douglass to mold to be an American was to get educated. Education made him knowledgeable and confident. To become a true American he resisted slavery and racism. He stood for himself and his race and fought for

Private Limited Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Private Limited Companies - Essay Example This discussion gives various aspects of the Company law, the development of the private limited company and the role of the joint stock companies. Private and public companies tend to depend on economic forms of centralizing, organizing and operating capital and with the availability of the registration process from the acts of 1852 and 1882, and these companies could gain limited liability from the process. The explanation on why this has occurred could be understood on the basis of the economic circumstance following the great depression. The historical process related to the formation of companies has been related to economic changes through the great depression as well as legal procedures available. The birth of the private limited company has a long history and in the centre of such history lies technological contributions and the innovation processes of the companies, the legal structure of the time and the economic policies and effects of the market that either brought about success or failure of such limited companies. Innovation or changing certain functions and structures of an organization is viewed as a process of organizational dynamics rather than a consequence of technological developments and the focus is on corporate governance through innovation and vice versa. Freeman et al (2007) used example of the British coastal shipping companies in the early 19th century as their approach to business changed with the introduction of steam technology. The transition also brought in changes in the decision making process and there were some assumptions on shareholder involvement in this sector. Governance relations were however very important in private companies as were reso urce allocation decisions. In a study, Weir et al (2005) suggest that with poor stock market performance, companies tend to go private due to reasons of undervaluation. With management buy outs the firms are privatized due to non optimal governance structures and problems with institutional ownership (Weir et al, 2005). Existing firms with poor market valuation and with limited market pressure tend to engage in more private transactions. Providing arguments for and against privatization of companies, Sellers (2003) stated that private companies can become public agencies although these have to be in accordance with government demands and contracts. In fact the government is responsible for making suggestions and setting up the requirements and provides recommendations to private companies and this government suggestion turn private companies more like public ones2. The company managers are sometimes caught between these needs of government contracts and their own business acumen (Sellers, 2003). These are however some problems of change from private to public agency although government aid would be an advantage in this case. The stock market perf

Will American Airline and US Airways merge going to cause monopoly in Essay

Will American Airline and US Airways merge going to cause monopoly in major city'airfare - Essay Example Once the two airlines merge, they will operate as a single entity within the airline industry. Combining these firms’ business is seemingly detrimental to major city airfare. In this respect, there are diverse and dynamic arguments with regard to monopolization of major city airfare. The American Airlines-US Airways merger, however, is less likely to cause airfare monopoly in major cities. In their domestic and international operations, both American Airline and US Airways operate alongside other major airlines such as Delta and United Airlines. Monopoly over airfare would have to outperform other major airline in terms of air ticket prices. In this respect, the American Airlines-US Airways merger has limited chances of controlling airfare due to high competition in the industry. Although the merger could make American Airlines the biggest airline globally (Rosenbloom, 2014), the airline will still have to face stiff competition from other major airlines both locally and internationally. Without necessarily accounting for all major airlines, American Airlines will have to face Delta, United, and Southwest airlines as far as the domestic airline industry is concerned. Due to the competition factor, the firm, even after the merger, cannot base its primary operational strategy on airfare control. Airfare in major cities remains influenced by demand and supply factors, aspects that the merger would have to address before realizing monopolized airfares. Airfare-based monopoly will be difficult to realize in a highly competitive industry. Debates on the American Airlines-US Airways merge contend that air ticket prices could increase following the move (Rosenbloom, 2014). Critical to note, however, is that customers are rational as far price and utility are concerned. With or without the merger, consumer tastes, preferences, and decisions will still be critical to account for. This merger

Class Relationships in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class Relationships in US - Essay Example This war turned out to be the biggest war in the history of the world, named as Civil War (Tripp). Civil war was the longest war to be fought; it took five years for American authorities to overcome this war. The central point of this war was the slavery system of black people, and the domination of white people. Civil war pushed America to reconstruct the whole nation of America by bringing them together. The nation’s unity and the new laws regarding the system of replacing slavery and the status of slaves took into consideration. The slavery system was abolished and the black people were given the freedom to utterly claim their-selves as the citizens of America, likewise the whites. The African American identity was allotted to the black nation of US. The blacks were given equal rights to contribute in the elections by voting for their preferred leader, by the US government. The statuses of the slaves were taken care of by giving four million of them the identification of being called as American citizens. Civil war stood out the nation power more superior to the state g overnment. After the Civil War, US nation endured unity and the US quickly became the primary economic power in the world. When we see the US today, it gives us the clear picture of a complete new reformed America. Zero class discrimination is being seen. There is seen to be a strong & equal bounding between blacks and whites. After the coming of Barack Obama the place of class has been changed. The coming of African American President is the proof of present class status of America. Laws are developed in the favor of blacks, for the protection of their rights. With time white has started to equalize themselves with Blacks, but on the basis of religion the issue is still in light. Slavery of Black people has overcome finely. We can see blacks in every industry. Blacks are much motivated to join US army, Hollywood & politics. Blacks are treated equally as

Advocacy Assessment based on Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes Essay

Advocacy Assessment based on Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes... (see attachment) - Essay Example mote the Progresa as the model for CCTs or safety net programmes in countries in which the World Bank has a policy influence like in Nicaragua (Bradshaw 2008, citing the work of SEDESOL 2003). Bradshaw (2008), however, advanced five criticisms on the Progresa/Oportunidades model. First, the empowerment of women is only incidental rather than a main aim of the Progresa. In words of Bradshaw (2008) as suggested by Molyneux (2006), women are â€Å"at the service of the New Poverty Agenda rather than served by this agenda.† Second, based on the experience of the Progresa/Oportunidades, the higher grant for women’s enrolment into schools were interpreted by beneficiaries as higher costs involved in sending females to schools thereby discouraging the poor to send their girls to schools. Third, the Progresa/Opurtinadades program failed to explicitly recognize the highly unequal relations between men and women in the households and, thus, even if wives are allowed by their husbands to collect money under the CCTs, the power relations in the households remain lopsided in favour of males. Fourth, the CCT as implemented in the Progresa/Opurtunidades failed to target th e poorest among the poor well enough. Finally or fifth, the CCT as implemented in the Progresa/Oportunidades have been inadequate in teaching mothers the â€Å"mothering skills† in â€Å"improving their families’ health, nutrition, and education.† Based on the program implementation assessment, the key features of a CCT program that should be implemented in Nicaragua is something that has benefited from the lessons that can be obtained on the CCT as implemented in Mexico and other countries. In upgrading the CCT program, we can derive valuable lessons from Bradshaw (2008) that can improve the implementation of the CCT in Nicaragua. The lessons from Bradshaw (2008) can be translated into a five-point reform for the CCT in Nicaragua. First, we must include the empowerment of women of women as the main aims of

Class Relationships in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class Relationships in US - Essay Example This war turned out to be the biggest war in the history of the world, named as Civil War (Tripp). Civil war was the longest war to be fought; it took five years for American authorities to overcome this war. The central point of this war was the slavery system of black people, and the domination of white people. Civil war pushed America to reconstruct the whole nation of America by bringing them together. The nation’s unity and the new laws regarding the system of replacing slavery and the status of slaves took into consideration. The slavery system was abolished and the black people were given the freedom to utterly claim their-selves as the citizens of America, likewise the whites. The African American identity was allotted to the black nation of US. The blacks were given equal rights to contribute in the elections by voting for their preferred leader, by the US government. The statuses of the slaves were taken care of by giving four million of them the identification of being called as American citizens. Civil war stood out the nation power more superior to the state g overnment. After the Civil War, US nation endured unity and the US quickly became the primary economic power in the world. When we see the US today, it gives us the clear picture of a complete new reformed America. Zero class discrimination is being seen. There is seen to be a strong & equal bounding between blacks and whites. After the coming of Barack Obama the place of class has been changed. The coming of African American President is the proof of present class status of America. Laws are developed in the favor of blacks, for the protection of their rights. With time white has started to equalize themselves with Blacks, but on the basis of religion the issue is still in light. Slavery of Black people has overcome finely. We can see blacks in every industry. Blacks are much motivated to join US army, Hollywood & politics. Blacks are treated equally as

Mental health nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental health nursing - Essay Example Please write down the questions that you asked and the responses that were given. This information will then be summarised and presented to a group of peers and an assessor in your PBL 1 assessment The service user in his own opinion believes that he suffers from some sort of depression. He claims that his problems at the moment were that he was suffering from anxiety and in the morning panic attack. He believes that this response was because he is worried about his father ie if dad pass away who is going to take care of me. when asked if he did have any auditory hallucination he went on to say that he did here voices but did not want to talk more about it. I started with the humanistic approach so as to make the client at ease and for him to be able to express himself more. I then went onto the medical model to try to figure out what he was suffering. Some data from the interview give evidence service user has p[sychotic symptoms, e.g. auditory hallucinations. ... He claims that his problems at the moment were that he was suffering from anxiety and in the morning panic attack. He believes that this response was because he is worried about his father ie if dad pass away who is going to take care of me. when asked if he did have any auditory hallucination he went on to say that he did here voices but did not want to talk more about it. Conceptual Model Analysis I started with the humanistic approach so as to make the client at ease and for him to be able to express himself more. I then went onto the medical model to try to figure out what he was suffering. Some data from the interview give evidence service user has p[sychotic symptoms, e.g. auditory hallucinations. There is acknowledged that patients with mental disorders are not able to percept their condition critically and usually underestimate the severity of disease. This patient believes he has depressive state thus he is ready to perceive the model of "sick person" and wish to regain his health. There is known that psychotic symptoms in schisophrenia could be related to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the brain structures. Thus medical interventions based on the use of antidopaminergic drugs (e.g. Ziprasidone (Geodon), Quetiapine (Seroquel) could be effective in the disease management. It seems that the psychotic symptoms reported by the client have the endogenic origin, i.e. they are not caused directly by external causes. What does the service user believe are the causes of his/her present crisis Service user believes that the cause of his present crisis is due to the wrong chemical release in his brain and added that it is genetic as he got a family history of metal illness in his family. Thus his mother was treated in mental hospital

Catholicism in Quebec and the Quiet Revolution Essay Example for Free

Catholicism in Quebec and the Quiet Revolution Essay Montreal is Quebec’s largest city, has always been renowned for its many churches and basilicas, earning it the nickname la ville aux cents clochers. Mark Twain once said â€Å"This is the first time I was ever in a city [Montreal] where you couldnt throw a brick without breaking a church window†. Today, it is better known for the diversity of its people and its culture painted streets, such as the Quartier Latin and the booming Quartier des spectacles. The city is home to over a hundred and twenty cultural communities and seventy-five languages; seemingly fitting since well over a quarter of the population was born abroad. In the June 2008 issue of Monocle, a London based magazine, Montreal was dubbed â€Å"Canada’s Culture Capital†. It seems hard to imagine that the Catholic Church had a monopoly over not only Montreal but the entire province of Quebec simply half a century ago. How did a land founded and built on Catholicism become a place renowned for its cultural diversity? This essay will explore how the Catholic faith’s image developed in Quebec after the Second World War, touching the province’s strong religious foundation, the Church’s control of the education and medical systems, and how the Quiet revolution paved the way for the prosperity of the French language and the multicultural land we have today. Jacques Cartier officially claimed Quebec in the name of the King of France in 1534, bringing the first sign of Christianity by putting up a cross in Gaspà © that is still visible to this day. The farm, family, faith and language were until recently stereotypical symbols for the Quebecois, but gradually became symbols of French settlers instead. However, these hadn’t always been symbols of the colonists; farming and permanent families were not part of the mindset of the early colony. Samuel de Champlain first met with the Algonquin people on his exploration journey in 1603 and the two parties were quick to form an alliance. The French and Algonquin began trading firearms for furs to keep warm throughout the winter but were mainly sent to be sold in France. During the long alliance with the Algonquin people many Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus, a Christian male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church, sought to evangelize and convert the aboriginal people. This created a bitter divide between the traditional practitioners of Midewiwin and the Catholic converts. Champlain returned in 1608 to create a settlement in what is now Quebec City, however at the time the French were interested in trading, fishing cod fish and later hunting beaver. This lifestyle made it difficult to attract potential colonists, and upon Champlain’s death in 1635 there were only 300 settlers in New France. King Louis XIV began encouraging members of his military to remai n and settle in New France after discharge, and also hiring young laborers to work in the colony then encouraging them to stay as well. The recruitment efforts of the King of France resulted in a 2:1 male to female ratio, thus he supported les filles du roi, a plan where poor women without a dowry migrated to New France to be married and bear children. By 1681, the marriages and families of these women grew the population to 10 000. These 10 000 French settlers would produce most of the francophone population of Canada (Phan, 292). Once King Louis XV signed the Treaty of Paris, handing over the French territories to the English, the French military, upper-class and business elite all returned to France. The abandoned settlers turned to the Roman Catholic Church as the clergy begun opening schools and hospitals. The French colony of Quebec wanted to avoid an American influenced political policy which stood for Protestantism, republicanism and war, as well as severing its ties with France following the Treaty of Paris and the French Revolution’s religious prosecutions. The colony then adapted policies of the Church, associating the land with the Vatican instead. The Church system worked well for the prosperity of the people at the time, but later Pope’s decisions would eventually lead to the downfall of faith in Quebec. The early 19th to mid-20th centuries saw the farm, family, faith and language become the sacramental lifestyle of the Quebecois. At the end of the 19th century in Rome, Pope Leo XIII called for a renewal of ecclesial studies to modernise the Church’s lessons to aid in the application against the challenges of the new world. Reform-minded scholars were thus encouraged to explore and revise the conventional positions of the church and were given much elbowroom until the Pope’s death in 1903. His successor, Pope Pius X, had a much different approach. In 1907 the Pope published Pascendi Dominici Gregis, a letter condemning modernism as the synthesis of all heresies (Jodock, 56). The Vatican began enforcing anti-modernism, which set the stage for what would later be the Quiet revolution. `The period leading up to the 1960s was one through which the province had long been undergoing a process of industrialization and urbanization that had dated back to the latter part of the nineteenth century. Various transformations had been taking place, making it no surprise that the Quebec Liberal Party (QLP) was able to dethrone the Union Nationale (UN) as leaders of provincial government. During the 1940s and 1950s, the image most frequently associated with Quebec’s French-Canadian people was that of a church-ridden, agricultural society outside the mainstream of the urban-industrial North American way of life. Although the Catholic Church is credited for the preservation of the French language and culture, the Western world had moved its interest away from the large families and agriculture supported by the Church. This seemingly outdated view of Quebec as a society gave politicians a clear view on what to campaign for. Jean Lesage of the QLP was able to garner over 50% of the popular vote and gain 51 seats to defeat the UN, ending a 16 year run for that party in Quebec. The province was about to come out of the period known as â€Å"la grande noirceur†, due to the scandal and corruption that the Union Nationale leader used to remain in power, and to enter a new era that Quebec still finds itself in at this very moment. The Quebecois expected change and Lesage was to come through for them. As the former provincial government had been supported by the Catholic Church, he had started what seemed to be a secularization process that coincided with the status of religion in Quebec at that time. Between the years 1961 and 1971, religious practice in Montreal fell from 61 percent of the population to 30 percent, and only 14 percent among people aged 16-24. The low number of young Catholics raised many concerns for the Church as to wear they would find future replacements for its aging clergy (Gauvreau). The emergence of lay Quebec organizations that defined nationalism in terms of language and political independence instead of religion also hastened a loss of confidence in the church. Not the least of significant markers in the 1960s was the bishops decision to dismantle Catholic Action itself. The entire process resulted in a de-Christianization that most defined carefully as not the decline of private belief, but as the rapid loss of a Catholic public identity. Jean-Paul Desbiens wrote a letter under the name Brother Anonymous criticizing the education system, stating the importance of the involvement and control of the provincial government over such services. The characterization of Quebec citizens as a religious people was outdated and the following period gave birth to a new identity for the Quebecois to latch on to. The Premier began this procedure by having the province take control of education by first establishing the Department of Youth (which became the Ministry of Education in 1964) and provided free education up through high school. Lesage would then go on to make schooling up until the age of 16 mandatory with the belief that educating the youth would lead them to become the successful leaders of tomorrow, replacing the Anglophones who were in control of most of Quebecs businesses at the time. Continuing the reform, he increased government control over the healthcare system, by implementing a hospital insurance plan in 1961 (a prequel to Quebec’s version of a universal healthcare plan in 1972). These two essential institutions, which had been the responsibility of the Catholic Church ever since the birth of New France, were now primarily in the hands of the provincial government, giving substantiation for the many that now believed Quebec was a secular society. In Conclusion, a land founded and built on Catholicism became a place renowned for its cultural diversity after the anti-modernisation of the Church forced the Quebecois to break free from its monopoly over the province. After exploring how the Catholic faith’s image developed in Quebec, it is made evident that the stereotypical symbols of the 19th century Quebecois had to be shaken in the 20th century in order for them to prosper in the 21st century. Works Cited: Tentler, Leslie W. and Kevin Christiano. The Church Confronts Modernity: Catholicism since 1950 in the United States, Ireland, and Quebec. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 2007. Print. 19-90 Jodock, Darrell. Catholicism Contending with Modernity: Roman Catholic Modernism and Anti-modernism in Historical Context. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print. Van, Die Marguerite. Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2001. Print. Phan, Peter C. Ethnicity, Nationality and Religious Experience. Lanham, MD: University of America, 1995. Print. Gauvreau, Michael. The churches and social order in nineteeth- and twentieth-century Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2006. Print. Baum, Gregory and Michael Gauvreau. The Catholic Origins of Quebec’s Quiet Revolution, 1931-1970. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005. Print.

The Differences Between Reward and Recognition

The Differences Between Reward and Recognition Whilst these terms are often used interchangeably, reward and recognition systems should be conceived individually. Employee reward systems pertain to programs arrange by a organization to reward performance and motivate employees on separate and/or team levels. Theyre generally conceived individual from pay but possibly pecuniary in nature or differently have a monetary value to the organization. Although antecedently believed the area of big companies, small business sector have also commenced hiring them as a instrument to entice top employees in a competitive job market as well as to increase employee performance. As observed, while employee acknowledgment programs are frequently aggregated with reward programs they hold a different aim altogether. Recognition programs are normally not pecuniary in nature although they may have a cost to the organiozation. What is Merit Pay? In contrast to bonuses and incentives, merit pay requires giving employees a permanent pay rise established on his/her past performance. Often the companys performance appraisal system (PAS) is used to check performance levels and the employees are granted a salary increase, such as a 10% increment in pay. One likely problem with merit pay is that employees come to expect pay increments. In companies that give yearly merit raises without a different raise for increments in cost of living, merit pay finishes up serving as a cost-of-living allowance and creates a feel of entitlement on the part of employees, with even low performers anticipating them. Therefore, making merit pay more effectual depends upon making it genuinely dependent on performance and designing a comparatively objective appraisal system. What are Compensation Factors that Management Should Consider? When management is setting salaries for thier employees there are numerous factors to consider. Their compensation should be decided by more than just whether they can do work for you or not? Management need to be sure that theyre looking at what compensation factors will impact those that work for them. Theyve to remember that employees are going to go where it will be of more benefit to them. That means that management require to be able to make a good offer if they want employees to work for them. listed below are few thoughts for compensation factors that management should consider. For each business sector there will be different applications, so not all of them are right for your choice of business. What type of business sector you own. If you are a sales outlet then commission will work great, but if you are a production company then sales will not impact many of your workers. The different sections and divisions within the business enterprise will also make a difference. The waitresses will be able to accumulate tips but the cooks arent out with the customers to be tipped. The list of duties and responsibilities that are anticipated of the employee. At the lowest of the food chain there will be less obligation, if the person that just got employed is making as is as the supervisor over them, but the duties are different, you may find youve few disturbed supervisors. As their job requisites increase there should be more compensation given. The time and exertion that has put into the job. Youll find that some employees have a driving force to do everything they can to give it their best. Other people will be more prepared to take the minimal workload and be through with work the moment the clock assures them its alright. For those employees that volunteer to do more and that give a distinguished effort, there should be more compensation for them. If youre anticipating committee members to set up a presentation, give them additional pay for the time they put into it. On that same note, youll find that some people are collecting the abate from those that are just there to do the lowest they can. For those that are accepting additional and doing all they can to compensate for those that do not care, there should be a reward. They should be acknowledged for their efforts and compensated in addition to their normal salaries. When an employee is employed, look at their education. If theyve an accounting degree and youre seeking a financial consultant or an accountant, then you should be conformable pay a little more for their knowledge. Youll have applicants that come in below and over qualified, be sure that youve adequate compensation budgeted that you are able to hire the person with the right knowledge for your company. Consider their work history. If theyve years of experience, they should be compensated. Those years help you to have that much more of an advantage, adding their education to their experience you may have someone that can make a big difference in your company. Also, if you are employing even for the least job, then you need to know that theyre going to be with you for at least a good amount of time. Its expensive to train, so if you are able to reward them for being at their preceding jobs for an extensive amount of time then you may find a patriotic employee. Remember that happy employees are the only way to keep a business running in the right direction. How to Motivate Employees at Workplace? By Updating the Employee of the Month program: Besides placing their picture and alloting them a terrific parking zone, give them something they could actually enjoy, Something that will motivate your staff to be the best they can be. Commence by determining a goal for your staff: Getting them recognise what youd like do and allowing them help come up with a plan of action to accomplish that goal. And after that, inform them what their reward will be for finishing the task. Motivate employees with a free day: You can motivate employees by giving them a day off from work and a free pass to watch some movie or enjoy hi-tea etc. A day off with salary is something every employee wish to savor! It will surely motivate employees to work for those day offs with free passes. Family Day: How about planning a family day for the employees where they are invited along with their immediate familes to enjoy a fun-filled day. There could be various activities invloved for children and others to enjoy. Donuts Treat: Sometimes actions like as simple as buying donuts and coffee for your employees once a week and discussing something other than work for an hour or so will motivate employees also. You need to show your care to employees. Annual and Individual Bonuses: Annual Bonuses are basically one-time rewards that might be in result of some specific achievements of employees. For instance, an employee who accomplishes the quarterly goals set for his/her may be rewarded with a lump sum bonus. Employee motivation consequent from a bonus is normally related to the degree of advanced knowledge considering bonus particulars. Team Bonuses: There are certain situations in which employees should collaborate with one another and setting apart employee performance is harder, companies are progressively recurring to binding employee pay to team performance. E.g., in 2007, Wal-Mart gave incentives to around 80% of their associates based on overall store performance. If employees have a reasonable power to enhance their overall teams performance level, these programs can be handy. Organizational Examples: Following rewards and compensation benefits are seen in different renowned organizations around the globe. Wal-Mart Stores: Out of many factors that have resulted in the success of Wal-Mart is its happy employees. Wal-Mart has successfully managed to rtain happy bunch of employees through effective motivation. Motivation at Wal-Mart can be seen at all levels of positions and departments at Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart have various motivational techniques in order to prove that they not only care about profit they attain through their workforce, but employees personal b eing as well. Here are some other ways of motivation in palce at Wal-Mart Stores: Calling employess as associates onstead of employee Calling eachother by their first name from top management to hourly associates. Giving respect to each associate irrespective of their .position in the company. Health insurance for each associate and their immediate family members. By hiring a psycologist to give counseling to associates facing some problems. Mobilink GSM Pakistan Mobilink runs its business enterprise on the basis of its slogan that Our people are our greatest assets. We take great pride in admitting the contribution each one of us makes. Mobilink use the following motivational techniques to motivate their employees: Management by objectives Employee acknowledgment programs Employee engagement programs Variable salary programs Skill-based salary plans Compromising benefits. Nestle Pakistan Ltd. Specified contribution program: The Company engages a accredited provident fund for all its regular employees. Equal monthly shares are constituted to the fund both by the Company and the employees at the rate of 12% of the basic pay and cost of living allowance in addition to it. Nestle has clear plans for betterment of its employees, thus leaving employees with clear knowledge of how the organization is caring about its employees by providing sustainable resources in terms of health, insurance and incentives etc. Suggestions and ideas towards the betterment of any organizational processes are encourged. Other main facilities which Nestle grants to its employees to keep them motivated at workpalce are: Incremented salary Job Security and Integrity Annual Gratuity Annual Bonuses Old age benefits Residence facilities and Allownces Transportation Health and safety Telenor Pakistan Ltd. Below are different ways in which employees are motivated at Telenor Pakistan are: Solving everyday residence issues of employees including remodeling, repairs, house-sitting, etc. Supporting in any legal issues. Supporting in financial issues. Education plans for childrens. Health care. Tesco UK Staff training and devlopment programs Discount for staff purchases Club points system Flexibility Bonuses Free uniform Holidays/holiday vouchers Free Passes Open opportunities Unilever India Motivational techniques in place at Unilever India, includes Provident fund, off days. Pick and drop facility, training camps, health care, meternity care and pesion schemes. Flex Industries Limited   At Flex Industries Ltd, they have a generous incentive scheme, which has assisted them in increasing productiveness by 30-40% as well as minimizing wastage by 2-3 %. Bonuses are extended to all levels of employees. Ford Workplace safety Diversitification Professional Growth and devlopment Achievement rewards Trainings Remuneration and benefits Volvo A Learning and competitive Environment A Fair Wage Policy Regular Medical Examination of all employees Openness and Respect amongst co-workers Measuring Progress with effective performance appraisal system Rewards Diversity Volkswagen Attractive employment plans Job security Good working climate through leadership and cooperation payment in line with performance Personal development opportunities Coca Cola By furnishing competitive compensation and benefits, coca cola endeavor to motivate its employees though bounding employee turnover. Besides compensation and benefits, coca cola also extend several other programs for its employees that broaden beyond the workplace. For example, as part of its loyalty to youth development, Coca cola offer college scholarship opportunities to the children of its employees. coca cola also provide opportunities for employees to improve their educational standing.

Digital Cash Can Never Work Essay -- Money Internet Businesses Essays

Digital Cash Can Never Work The continued growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web is making a means of secure, on-line monetary transfers a necessity. This growth requires that companies and individuals be able to transact business safely across Cyberspace. Without incentive, in the form of increased revenues, businesses and individuals will lack the financial incentive to continue investing in the Internet. Without continued investment, the Internet will never reach its potential to dramatically change, and hopefully improve, the way that we live our lives. Fortunately, the push for digital cash is already underway. The only question is, regardless of whichever of these payment systems succeeds, will the transaction be truly anonymous or not? [FN1] The major concern of those opposed to non-anonymous digital cash is a loss of privacy. This is a legitimate concern, although exaggerated by fear of a "Big Brother" type state. The spending of cash has never been anonymous. A cash transaction, whether it be at a store, with a vendor, or just on the street, always involves two parties. In all of these transactions the payee and the payer meet face to face as the cash is exchanged. The privacy that people feel during these types of cash transactions stems, not from cash being a truly anonymous payment system, but from the anonymity of society itself. In a society built of large metropolises, anonymity is achieved by not knowing everybody else rather than not being able to find out who they are. If someone tries to pass off counterfeit money to a shopkeeper, regardless of that individuals anonymity because the shopkeeper doesn’t know them, the shopkeeper has the recourse of calling the police and being able to give a descript... ...where information is power, deleting all information represents an absolute loss of control and safety because information protects us all. [FN 1] For a discussion of the various payment methods proposed and the entities involved see: Udo Flohr, Cash, checks and coupons are all going digital. Here are the technical underpinnings of tomorrow’s legal tender, Byte, June 1996. On the Internet at: http://www.byte.com/art/9606/sec7/art1.htm; and A. Michael Froomkin, Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living With Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases, 15 U. Pittsburg Journal of Law and Commerce 395 (1996). On the Internet at: http://www.law.maimi.edu/~froomkin/articles/oceanno.htm#xtocid583121 [FN 2] David Chaum, Achieving Electronic Privacy, Sci. Am., Aug. 1992, at 96. On the Internet at: http://ganges.cs.tcd.ie/mepeirce/Project/Chaum/sciam.html

Political Sponsering of Ngos Essay

Greenpeace and green political parties are united in their position against nuclear energy and their support for renewable energies. Christian charity organizations and conservative political parties both stand for traditional family values and against family planning. But does this mean they should work together? Often political parties sponsor NGOs, but is this sponsoring even acceptable? There are several arguments which we would like to consider. The credibility of NGOs as independent organizations and their ability to pursue their social interests are harmed by political sponsoring. The credibility of NGOs decreases, because more often than not, the interests of political parties are more important than the original agenda of the NGOs, due to (financial) sponsoring. The reason for political parties to engage with NGOs in the form of political sponsoring is to increase attention for the statements on the political agenda. NGOs often have more resources and are less restrained to all sorts of rules and laws to protest in rigorous actions. However, this money can only be invested when the NGO compromises its own agenda with the agenda of the political party, which means that they might have to compromise on their own values, missions and visions. Hence the question rises; how can an NGO be called non-governmental when there is a political influence? A counterargument for this is that there is a difference between a political party and the government. Of course this is the case, but a political party is a part of the government. In the Netherlands it is even the case that the political parties get subsidy by the government, so these are inseparable. Thus we argue you can? t call a NGO non-governmental anymore when it is sponsored by political parties, which significantly decreases their credibility. Democratic control of political action that is ‘outsourced’ to NGOs and is therefore beyond democratic control. When a political party is chosen to participate in a country’s parliament, this is done in a democratic way. People can vote for the party that has arguments and goals closest to the person’s own vision. However, the board of an NGO is not chosen in a democratic way, they are simply hired because they are the ‘right person to do the job’. When NGOs will engage in political actions, people who are not democratically chosen will gain political power. The accountability of political parties to their stakeholders, in particular those who may not agree with the objectives of the NGOs that are sponsored, is harmed by political sponsoring. When people vote democratically for a political party, they vote for the agenda the political party has before engaging with any other organization. When political parties go and sponsor NGOs, the party most likely has to compromise on its own agenda to get to an agreement with an NGO. Citizens now are ‘voting’ for NGOs without knowing this. The voters do often not have a say in which NGOs are sponsored, so there is a great likelihood that part of the political party’s stakeholders will not approve of the chosen NGOs at all. The missions and visions of these organizations could be in contradiction with the opinions of the stakeholders and voters, and they have absolutely no control over this. Proponents of political sponsoring say that the voters don’t compromise, because they have the same goal as the political parties. We would like to stress here that even though someone has the same goal, you don’t have to agree with the actions that are taken. Especially actions of NGOs, which are most commonly known as radical, can get a lot of resistance by the voters and other stakeholders of the political parties. An important question you can ask yourself in the light of this last argument is: Does the end justify the means? Does the common goal lead to an acceptance of all (radical) actions taken by NGOs? This is an important question, especially for the stakeholders of the political party, because by political sponsoring all the stakeholders of the parties (including the voters) indirectly approve of the NGOs’ actions.

Geography of Time Essay

The seventh chapter â€Å"Health, Wealth, Happiness and Charity† discusses why some places are faster than others, what countries are more ready to help unknown people in need, etc. The question is where people are healthier, happier and more charitable. The author starts his research from assuming that slower people are healthier than faster. When people work harder and have less leisure they may be more subjected to health and psychological problems in contrast to people who relax more. It is argued that social well-being of community is also involved. The author says that the heart patients in waiting rooms seem to be tenser than others. Moreover, some people are constantly living self-imposed mindset of chronic tension. It means that some people tend to create problems when they are not present and feel depressed trying to solve them. It is also found that people suffering from coronary disease are characterized by time urgency, hostility and competitiveness. Therefore, faster place are characterized by increased death rates and heart attacks. The study examined 31 different countries and 36 cities in the United States. The results show that there is a strong correlation between pace of life and heart disease. Further, the author described a paradox. He writes that â€Å"people in faster places are more prone to suffer coronary heart disease, but they are also more likely to be happier with their lives†. (p. 158) Divorce rates are higher in individualistic nations, but marital satisfaction is high as well. Pace of life is claimed to have important implications for the way people are ready to take care of other people, strangers, etc. People in fast cities are less likely to help strangers in need. Moreover, people in fast cities prove to be less civilian than people in slower cities. The author concludes that fast pace of life makes people capable to find time for others. Despite less free time for relaxing and leisure fast citizens try to find time to devote to families and to help others. The eights chapter â€Å"Japan’s Contradiction† analyzes relations between coronary disease rates and a rapid pace of life in Japan. Japanese lifestyle is defined as workaholism as Japanese people have the longest working day and have the least time to relax. Japanese pace of life is the most demanding on the earth and Japanese workers work quickly and they work a lot. Japanese people have fewer vacations and they tend to avoid dread retirement. The highest reward in Japan is to be allowed to work after retirement age. Japanese workers are not bothering about Blue Mondays and, therefore, they are more likely to have psychological problems and to be inflicted afflicted with ‘Sunday Disease’. The author writes that â€Å"the magnitude of Japanese dedication to work can be dazzling†. (p. 170) Nowadays government is even trying to make people work less and to have more time for leisure. Government policy aims at making people slow down. Further, the author explains: â€Å"For the nations’ domestic market t pick up, which the government says it must, a rise in consumer spending is a must†. (p. 170) It means that leisure for Japanese workers will be a must. The notorious Japanese aversion is challenging by requirement to take vacations. Government tries to encourage vacations by claiming that taking a vacation is a sign of competence. Nevertheless, workaholism remains Japanese way of life, but the problem is that workaholism is correlated with psychological disorders and increased coronary disease rates. Nevertheless, statistics shows that death from coronary disease is rare case in the country. Cultural values of the country are centered on welfare of the collective as people are devoted to community. Japanese workers aren’t characterized by competitive hostility and anger. Therefore, the author concludes that in contrast to the United States in Japan there are little relations between fast pace of life and coronary disease rates. Time urgency doesn’t contribute to heart attacks and coronary disease.

Immigration Problem in Istanbul

The immigration problem has always been one of the most important debated issues in Turkey, especially after1950s. It makes big cities more crowded and it also brings many problems together. These problems include economic, social, and environmental issues. Particularly Istanbul is in a great danger with the huge rate of immigration it takes. The city has not enough area for sheltering its continuous growing population as it has not also enough resources to feed them.It is very unhealthy to enlarge as rapidly as Istanbul with immigration because it brings economic, environmental, and social problems. Istanbul is the most urbanized and crowded city of Turkey. For almost 20 years, it takes internal migration with its economic and social opportunities; therefore, the city, which becomes one of the urbanized cities around the world, grows in an uncontrolled manner day by day. The population of Istanbul, which was not even 1 million in 1950, is now over 14 million.After a rapid industrial ization, a high level of immigration is normal and unavoidable for cities and it has some advantages as providing labor force but the migration to Istanbul get over the limits. According to Istanbul Governorship’s data, over 62% of people who live in Istanbul were born outside of the city. Since it is common that Turkish families are crowded, most of immigrant families have more than two children generally.This year, the prime minister of Turkey, Tayyip Erdogan advised the community to make at least three children in order to protect the nation’s young population, at the time of his speech about International Women’s day. The elite class of Turkey may not affected by these events but the rural side of Turkey, and the lower class of the cities, mostly immigrants are influenced by the people whom they see as their idol. According to the high fertility factor, the native Istanbul population has become a minority in their homeland (Erman 541).It causes many identity problems beside its social and economic aspect. The mass migration to Istanbul caused economic problems such as inadequate shelter and unemployment. In â€Å"The Human Declaration on Human Settlements†, it is underlined that deterioration of conditions of shelter and human settlements particularly in developing countries has reached crisis proportion (591). As we know that Turkey is a developing country with its industrializing economy, the problems as I mentioned above are common in Turkey, especially in urbanized cities.Istanbul, the most industrialized city of Turkey, owns problems related to the excessive population concentration such as homelessness, increasing poverty, unemployment, inadequate resources, lack of basic infrastructure and services (592). Migrants who come to Istanbul for its job opportunities generally belong to the low educated agrarian society. They come to this big city with the dream of being a part of rich and modern urban. However, migrants compose the lower class of Istanbul with their lower education and economic situation.With their inadequate qualifications, they can work in low wage jobs. The squatter settlements issue begins with this problem. People who can’t earn enough money to buy or rent apartments they live in squatter settlements. Moreover, the other side of Istanbul, the welfare class which manage the industry becomes richer continuously. Because of this dual economy in Istanbul as all other urbanized cities in third world countries, the difference, and consequently the tension between rich and poor increase continuously.The labor class, which works hard, however cannot sustain their family become more aggressive day by day. The bloody 1 May (Labor Day) incidents can be explained with the rebel of this class. Crime rate. The mass migration to Istanbul and the rapid social changes occurred in the city caused the problematic issue â€Å"integration† of rural migrants into the urban society (Erman 541 ). They move into Istanbul, they become physically â€Å"urbanite† but since they cannot accommodate themselves in city life, continuing their rural traditions, they cannot become urbanite socially.They resist changing or they are forced to be an alien. As they live in communes, generally in squatter settlement areas, with the group psychology, they live their own culture as a synthesis of the rural and the urban. As they cannot become an urbanite, they don’t detach their relations with their rural villages and community. The concept of â€Å"hemsericilik† in Turkish language, it means clientalism, became one of the most important characteristics to evaluate a person. Largely, migrants compose the lower class of Istanbul with their lower education level and economical conditions.Their economic situation and their education have a strong correlation. Since their language and qualifications are lower, they cannot find high-wage jobs to increase their economic leve l. Poverty strengthens the alienation of them. They see the luxurious houses, cars, and lifestyles on the streets or on TV and as they can’t reach this lifestyle by working, they start to search the short way to own this shining life. The growth rate of crime in Istanbul is the result of this desire.